cultural-diversity-跨文化交际PPT课件

.,1,Session2,CulturalDiversity,.,2,Rightattitudeinthisglobalvillage,Appreciatesimilarities,Acceptdifferences,Wearealike,Wearedifferent,.,3,Warm-up:Readthefollowingsayingsaloud,andthinkitover:whatdotheymeantoyou?,Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.-Confuciansaying,性相近，习相远-论语,.,4,Onemansmeatisanothermanspoison.-Englishproverb,萝卜白菜，各有所爱！众口难调！-中国谚语,.,5,Godgavetoeverypeopleacup,cupofclay,andfromthiscuptheydranklifeTheyalldippedinthewater,buttheircupsweredifferent.-R.Benedict,上帝给了每个人一个杯子、一杯粘土，并且人们从这个杯子里面啜饮人生.他们都是浸在水里面的，只是他们的杯子不一样而已-本尼迪克特,.,6,Whyisoneculturedifferentfromanother?,OnthesurfacePerception(howwesensetheworld)Belief(whatwebelieveastrue)Value(asystemofcriteriaknownasrulesandguideposts),.,7,Whyisoneculturedifferentfromanother?,MoredeeplyWorldview(religion)-Spiritualandpsychologicalneedsofpeople(lifeanddeath,creationofuniverse,relationshipbetweenhumansandnature)-Socialaspectsofaculture(originofsocietyandgroupswithinthesociety,relationshipofindividualsandgroupstooneanother)Family(genderroles,individualism-collectivism,age,socialskills)History(government,community,politicalsystem,keyhistoricalheroes,geography),.,8,Whatdoesculturaldiversitymean?,Culturalpatterns-conditionsthatcontributetothewayinwhichapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld-themannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworldSomecautionsThevalueoftheculturemaynotbethevalueofallindividualswithinthatculture.Itisusefultovisualizeeachculturalpatternasapointonacontinuumratherthanoneofonlytwopossibleresponses.Thepatternsareinterrelatedwithahostofothervaluesanddonotoperateinisolation.Commonculturalpatternsmustbelimitedtothedominantcultureineachcountry.,.,9,Significanceofstudyingculturaldiversities,Whenwestudyculturaldifferences,wemainlyrefertothedeepstructureofculture(belowtheiceberg)Althoughcultureissubjecttochange,thedeepstructureofacultureisresistanttochange.Thecomparisonandcontrastofdifferentcultureshelpunderstandonesowncultureandothercultures,whichwillultimatelyenhancetheeffectofinterculturalcommunication.,.,10,Question:,Howcanwecompareoneculturewithanothertofindouttheirsimilaritiesanddifferences?,.,11,Howtoclassifydifferentcultures?,Culturepatterns,KluckhohnandStrodtbecksValueOrientation,HofstedesDimensionsofCulturalVariability,EdwardTHallsContext-CultureTheory,HumanNature,Man-nature,Time,Activity,SocialRelationship,IndividualismVsCollectivism,UncertaintyAvoidance,PowerDistance,MasculinityVsFemininity,High-Context,Low-Context,.,12,1.ModelbyKluckhohn,5basicquestionsthatneedansweringattherootofanyculture:1)Whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?2)Whatistherelationofmantonature?3)Whatisthetemporalfocus?4)Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?5)Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationship?,1)=Humannatureorientation人性取向2)=Man-natureorientation人天取向3)=Timeorientation时间取向4)=Activityorientation行为取向5)=Socialorientation人际取向,.,13,.,14,.,15,LimitationsofKluckhohnsmodel,Noteveryoneinaculturehasthesamebasicvalues.Cultureschangeovertime.Theconceptofbasicvaluesisitselfageneralization,.,16,Casestudy,DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,averyhungryyoungmanfelldowninfrontofafarmgate.Thefarmergavehimfoodbutinreturnheaskedtheyoungmantomoveapileofwoodinhisyardinfactitwasnotatallnecessarytomovethewood.Whentheyoungmanleft,thefarmermovedthewoodbacktoitsoriginalplace.Seeingallthis,thefarmerssonwasconfused.,Whydidthefarmerdothat?Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?,Savefaceanddignityoftheyoungmanaccept-earn,Individualisticvaluesystem,.,17,Writingassignment,Whenyoucompareyourvaluestothoseofyourparentsorgrandparents,doyouseethatChinesevaluesarechanging?Giveevidence.(10mins),.,18,2.ModelbyG.Hofstede(1984),Hofstedesworkwasoneoftheearliestattemptstouseextensivestatisticaldatatoexamineculturalvalues.Duringthe1980s,hesurveyedoverahundredthousandworkersinmultinationalorganizationsinfortycountries.Eachcountrywasassignedarankofonethroughfortyineachcategory,dependingonhowitcomparedtotheothercountry.,.,19,HofstedesFourCulturalValueSystem,individualism-collectivismUncertaintyavoidancepowerdistancemasculinity-femininity,.,20,2.1Individualismvs.Collectivism,Individualisticcultures“I”consciousnessindependence,competition,negativefaceneedCollectivistcultures“We”consciousness,interdependence,groupharmony,positivefaceneedStronginfluenceonsocialrelationshipsTheconceptofingroupsandoutgroupsRulesVsrelationships,strangersVsassociatesAllpeopleandcultureshavebothindividualandcollectivedispositions.,.,21,RankingofIndividualism,.,22,Casestudy:Atthenegotiatingtable,differencesinthisdimensioncanclearlycauseseriousconflict.AmericanstoooftenexpecttheirJapanesecounterpartstomakedecisionsrightatthenegotiatingtable,andtheJapaneseareconstantlysurprisedtofindindividualmembersoftheAmericanteampromotingtheirownpositions,decisions,andideas,sometimesopenlycontradictingoneanother.,AmericaindividualismJapancollectivism,.,23,2.2UncertaintyAvoidance,Itinvolvestheextendtowhichaculturewouldavoidortolerateuncertainty.Highuncertaintyavoidanceculturesthinkoftheuncertaintyinherentinlifeasacontinuoushazardthatmustbeavoided.Theytrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembers,establishingmoreformalrules.(ahigherlevelofanxietyandstress)Lowuncertaintyavoidanceculturesmoreeasilyaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandideas,sotheytoleratetheunusual.Theyprizeinitiativeandmorewillingtotakerisks,moreflexible.(lesstense,morerelaxed),.,24,不确定性规避的核心就是认为未来不可知。虽然可能每个人都在预测未来，但是没有人能够丝毫无误地预知下一刻、下一天、下一年或下十年会发生什么事情。美霍夫斯泰德用不确定性规避一词来“界定一种程度，一种当人们遇到混乱不清、难以预测的情况时所感到的不安程度。通过对严格的行为方式的遵循和对绝对真理的信仰，他们尽力避免这些情况。”,不确定性规避,.,25,高度不确定性规避文化为了避免不确定性和模糊性，常常向其成员提供稳定性，制定正式的规则，不容忍偏离观点和行为，寻求共识，并相信绝对的真理。他们感到的焦虑和压力较高：人们认为生活中的不确定性会持久为患，因此必须避免。为了增强生活的有序性，他们非常需要成文的规则、计划、规范、典礼和仪式。具有强烈不确定性规避倾向的国家有葡萄牙、希腊、秘鲁、比利时和日本,高度不确定性规避,.,26,相反，人们发现像瑞典、丹麦、爱尔兰、挪威、美国、芬兰和荷兰等国家，比较容易接受生活中的不确定性，不为偏离的人或主张所困扰，因此他们对不寻常性的容忍度比较强。他们喜欢上进，不喜欢等级关系。他们乐于冒险，灵活性强，认为规则越少越好，他们对专家的依赖性不强，而更多地相信自己。整体而言，低度不确定性规避文化心态较为放松。,低度不确定性规避,.,27,RankingofUncertaintyAvoidance,*Alowscoremeansthecountrycanbeclassifiedasonethatdoesnotlikeuncertainty.,Thelowerscore,thehigheruncertaintyavoidance.,.,28,2.3PowerDistance,HighPDCulture:PeoplewhoholdpowerandpeoplewhoareaffectedbypoweraresignificantlyfarapartVertical,hierarchical(everybodyhasarightfulplace)E.g.India,Brazil,Singapore,Greece,Venezuela,Mexico,etc.LowPDCulture:ThepowerholdersandpeopleaffectedbythepowerholdersaresignificantlycloserHorizontal(inequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimized)E.g.Austria,Finland,Denmark,Norway,NewZealand,etc.,.,29,2.4Masculinityvs.Femininity,Cultureshighinthemasculinitydimensionfocusonachievement,power,andpossessions,regardingworkasmorecentraltooneslife,differinggenderrolesmorethanfeminineculture.(performancesociety)Cultureshighinthefemininitydimensionvalueinterpersonalrelationships,nurturance,compassion,andqualityoflife.(welfaresociety),.,30,RankingofMasculinity,*AlowscoremeansthecountrycanbeclassifiedasonethatfavorsMasculinity.,.,31,LimitationsofHofstedesmodel,BecausethepeopleHofstedesurveyedweremiddlemanagersinlargemultinationalorganizations,mostofhisfindingsareworkrelated.Manyimportantcountriesandcultureswerenotincludedinhisstudy.(noArabcountries,SouthAfricarepresentingAfrica,noinformationaboutmainlandChina)Heemphasizesnationalculture,soitisnotpossibletoknowthelayersofculturewithinnations.,.,32,3.EdwardT.HallsModel,Humancommunicationisdependentonthecontextinwhichitoccurs.Communicativecontextsincludethephysical,sociological,andpsychologicalenvironments.High-andLow-contextcultures,.,33,High-contextCulture:,Inhigh-contextmessages,meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliation).Examplesofhigh-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,etc.,.,34,Low-contextCulture:,Inlow-contextmessages,themajorityoftheinformationisvestedinthee