文体学Surface-structure-DeviationPPT课件

.,1,Chapter2Surface-structureDeviation,Fourtypesofdeviation:phonological,graphological,lexical,andsyntactic2.1PhonologicalDeviation:(I)OmissionA:Aphesis(字首音省略)：theomissionofaninitialpartofaword,e.g.Thouonwhosestream,midthesteepskyscommotion,Loosecloudslikeearthsdecayingleavesareshed,(Commotion:disturbanceandturbulence,hubbub;steep:sheer)LearnthenwhatmoralscriticsoughttoshowFortisbuthalfajudgestas,toknow.(AlexanderPope:AnEssayonCriticism),.,2,B:Syncope（字中音省略）:theomissionofamedialpartofaword,e.g.AvoicesothrillingneerwasheardInspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,BreakingthesilenceoftheseasAmongthefarthestHebrides（Wordsworth:TheSolitaryReaper）Notes:Hebrideshebridi:z:adeepislandofEngland.,.,3,3,C:Apocope（字尾音尾脱落）：:theomissionofafinalpartofaword,e.g.Tillatheseasgangdry,mydear,AndtherocksmeltwithesunIwilllovetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandsolifeshallran.(Notes:a:all;wi:with;o:of)Iwanderthroeachcharterdstreet,NearwherethecharterdThamesdoesflow,AndmarkineveryfaceImeetMarksofweakness,marksofwoe.(WilliamBlake:London),.,4,Theomissionsdiscussedaboveareconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Theychangethepronunciationsoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.,.,5,(II)MispronunciationandSub-standardPronunciation:inordertovividlydescribeacharacter,theliterarywritermaychoosetolethischaractermispronouncecertainwordsorsimplypronouncetheminsub-standardways.“MayGodstarveyeyet,”yelledanoldIrishwomanwhonowthrewopenanearbywindowandstuckoutherhead.“Yes,andyou,”sheadded,catchingtheeyeofoneofthepolicemen.“Youbloodymurtheringthafe!Crackmysonoverthehead,willyou,youhard-hearted,murtheringdivil?Ah,ye-”（T.Dreiser,SisterCarrie）,.,6,theoldIrishwomanwasdepictedasspeakinginasub-standardfashion:yeforyou,murtheringformurdering,divilfordevil,andthafeforthief.Theemploymentofsuchdeviantphonologicalfeatureshere,itseems,addsvividnesstothehappeningasifitwasthelivetransmissionofthescene.Heraccentalsorevealsthatsheisaworking-classwoman.,.,7,7,(III)SpecialpronunciationThetrumpetofaprophecy!O,Wind,Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?(IV)ChangeofstressTheaimofitisforsomeemotionoraffection.A:BillandJane“brokethebluevase”.B:Really!BillandJane?Youmustbekidding!,.,8,8,2.2Graphologicaldeviation,Itismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.Subcategory:shapeoftext,thetypeofprintandgrammetrics.A.Shapeoftext:theshapeofaliterarypoemcanbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.,.,9,1)AChristmasTreeStarIfyouareAlovecompassionate,Youwillwalkwithusthisyear,Wefaceaglacialdistance,whoarehereHuddledAtyourfeet(byW.S.Burford),.,10,Apagoda-shapepoeminTheScholar聊斋志异呆秀才吃常斋胡须满腮经书不揭开纸笔自己安排明年不请我自来,.,11,AFoolishscholarFastedsolongWhiskerscoveredhischeeksNeglectingtostudytheclassicsHeleftpenandpaperasideHellcomewithoutbeinginvitednextyear（TranslatedbyYangXianyiButwakingseesBird-flocksnamelesstohim,throughdoorwayvoicesOfnewmenmakinganotherlove.,30,.,31,31,(2)AdiscussionoftheadverbialsintheinitialpositionTypicalexampleAloneshecutsandbindsthegrain,Andsingsamelancholystrain.Notes:Theuseofalonefirstmakesitpossibleforthelinetorhymewiththenextone,andbestowamusicalqualitytothepoem.Secondly,thisfrontingoftheadjunctmakestheelementhighlynoticeableandreinforcethethemeofthepoem,.,32,3)Thematicfronting:MoreinstancesOutoftheAir,Outofthecloud-foldsofhergarmentsshaken,Overthewoodlandsbrownandbare,Overtheharvest-fieldsforsaken,silent,andsoft,andslowDescendsthesnow.-H.W.Longfellow:SnowflakesNotes:Thethemeofthesixclausesiscomposedofsevenadverbials,whichcanemphasizedthemannersandtheprocessofthesnowfalling.,.,33,4)PeriodicalsentenceTobelieveyourownthought,tobelievethatwhatistrueforyouinyourprivateheartistrueforallmenthatisgenius.(RalphEmerson)Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofafortunemustbeinwantofawife.(J.Austin:PrideandPrejudice),.,34,Outofhisotherproperty,outofthethingshehadcollected,hissilver,hispictures,hishouses,hisinvestments,hegotasecretandintimatefeeling:outofherhegothome.(J.Galsworthy:TheForsyteSaga:TheManofPropertyChapterV),.,35,AmericaIfyoullstopandthinkforjustamoment,youllfindwehavemoreofthegoodthingsinthiscountrythananywhereelseintheworld.Thinkofthisland.FromthesurfatBigSurtoaFloridasunrise.Andalltheplacesinbetween.TheGrandCanyonthewheatfieldsofKansasAutumninNewHampshireyoucouldgoonforever.ButAmericaismorethanaplaceofmuchbeauty.Itsaplaceforgoodtimes.,.,36,ItstheSaturdaynight.Itsatripdownadirtroadinabeatupoldjalopy.（破旧车）Itsyourteamwinning.Itsalatenightmovieyoucouldenjoyathousandtimes.And,yes,whenyourethirsty,itsthetasteofice-coldCoca-Cola.Itsarealthing.,.,37,Infact,allofthegoodthingsinthiscountryarereal.Theyreallaroundyou,plainlyvisible.Wepointtomanyoftheminouradvertising.Butyoucandiscovermany,manymorewithouteverseeingasinglecommercialforCoke.SohaveabottleofCokeandstartlookingup.TheCoca-ColaCompany,.,38,5)Inversion,(1)semi-inversionThisresponsibilityweacceptwholly,andwewouldwillinglybearitalone.(Saussure:CourseinGeneralLinguistics)(2)total-inversionThere,smokinghispipeintheoldplacebythekitchenfirelight,ashaleandasstrongasever,thoughalittlegrey,satJoe:andthere,fencedintothecornerwithJoesleg,andsittingonmyownlittlestoollookingatthefire,wasIagain!(CharlesDickens:GreatExpectations),.,39,1.主谓倒置上哪儿找啊，你？（疑问句）放心吧，爸爸妈妈！（祈使句）终于过去了，中国最后一个王朝的统治！（感叹句）已经去上课了，他们。（陈述句）,.,40,2.定语、状语后置许多外国人，到中国游历的，都特地赶来观礼这次大婚的盛况。（定语后置，“的”字短语）农民们，男的女的、老的少的，愁眉苦脸地清理着破烂的东西。（定语后置，“的”字短语）头上插着许多鲜花，横七竖八的。（定语后置，“的”字短语）他走上了领奖台，慢慢地，羞怯地。（状语后置，形容词）她站在哪儿，静静地。（状语后置，形容词）他醉熏熏地走着，摇摇摆摆地。（状语后置形容词）同学们都来了，从祖国的四面八方。（状语后置介词短语）他退休了吧，大概。（状语后置副词）,.,41,6）ellipticalsentence,Ultrataste.Never-before,silksmooth,trulysatisfyingtasteinaultralowtarcigarette!Constructionsite!NoAdmittance!Detour!,.,42,Fogeverywhere.Foguptheriver,where;fogdowntheriver,whereFogcreepinginto,foglyingouton;fogdroopingonFogintheeyesandthroatsof;foginstemsandbowlof(CharlesDichens:BleakHouse),.,43,No,notlikethat.Abarrenland,barewaste.Volcaniclake,thedeadsea;nofish,weedless,sunkdeepintheearth.Nowindliftthosewaves,greymetal,poisonouswater，foggywaters.Brimstonetheycalleditrainingdown;thecitiesoftheplain;Sodom,Gomarrah,Edom.Alldeadnames.(JamesJoyce:Ulysses),.,44,7)Simplesentence,PeoplethinkIamfoolishandignorant,butImnot.Ilisten.Ihear.Isee.Ithink.Iread.Iwalkalongbymyself.(TaylorCaldwell:TestimonyofTwoMen)Leaveswiggle.GrassSways.Abirdchirps,peckstheground.(WilliamGass.IntheHearoftheHeartsoftheCountry),.,45,8）ClimaxThepoor,thefoul,thefalse,lovecanAdmit,butnotthebusiedman.(JohnDonne)Wehavecometodedicateaportionofthatfieldasafinalresting-placeforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthenationmightlive.Itisaltogetherfitandproperthatweshoulddothis.Butinalargesensewecannotdedicatewecannotconsecratewecannothallowthisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecrateditfaraboveourpoorpowertoaddordetract(AbrahamLincoln:GettysburgAddress),.,46,Anearthquake,alandslip,anavalanche,overtakeamanincidentally,asitwerewithoutpassion.Afuriousgaleattackshimlikeapersonenemy,triestograsphislimbs,fastensuponhismind,seekstorouthisveryspiritoutofhim.(JosephConrad:Typhoon),.,47,9）anti-climax,Ifonceamanindulgeshimselfinmurder,verysoonhecomestothinklittleofrobbing;andfromrobbinghecomesnexttodrinkingandSabbath-breaking,andfromthattoincivility(粗鲁)andprocrastination（拖延）.(ThomasDeQuincy:TitleofEssay:SupplementaryPapers),.,48,OnthetenthdayofCwthma(Commonwealthmas)theCommonwealthbroughttome:TenSovereignNationsNineGovernorsGeneralEightFederationsSevenDisputedAreasSixTrustTerritoriesFiveOldRealmsFourpresentorprospectiverepublicsThreeHighCommissionTerritoriesTwoGhana-GuineaFawl,.,49,OneStirlingAreaOneDollarDominionOneSunThatNeverSetsOneMalteseCrossOneMarryleboneCricketClubOneTrans-ArcticExpeditionAndaMotherCountryUpaGumTree.(APoliticalCarolFrom“TheEconomist”,APieceofBurlesque),.,50,50,B.DeviantPhraseStructure,Toemployphrasethatarestructurallydeviantforthepurposeofcertaincommunicativeeffects.Adiscussionofagriefago;Hesanghisdidntandhedancehisdid.e.g.OWhatanoblemindishereoerthrown!Thecourtiers,soldiers,scholarseye,tongue,sword.(Shakespere,Hamlet),.,51,ExplainThisisthespeechgivenbyOpheliawhoconsideredthatHamletwasmad.Theirregularcollocation(i.e.courtierseye;soliderstongue,andscholarssword)highlightenedthemadnessofHamlet.Furthermore,eachpossessorisseparatedfromitspossessedsothatbothlogicandeverydayexpectationofspeechseemtobemixedupinthedisaster.,.,52,52,Example2:,DonotgogentleintothatgoodnightOldageshouldburnandrave(咆哮)atcloseofday;Rage,rageagainstthedyingofthelight.Thoughwisemenattheirendknowdarkisright,BecausetheirwordshadforkednolightningtheyDonotgogentleintothatgoodnight.GoodnightheremeansdeathGentleheremeansoneshouldnotacceptdeathwithoutresistance.Suchdeviantuseofgentleattractmuchattentiontothelineitselfandmakesthereaderpausetothinkseriouslyaboutthemeaningofthelineandmeaningofdeath.,.,53,53,4.Lexicaldeviation,Definition:itrefersalmostexclusivelytoneologismorthecoinageofnewwords.Andthenewwordthatliterarywriterinventsareusuallymadeupforuseonlyoneparticularoccasion,andcanthereforebecalled“nonce-formations”.Categories:affixation,compound,andconversionAffixation:theadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguage.,.,54,54,AndITiresiashaveforesufferedall.Therewasabalconyfulofgentlemen.Weleftthetownrefreshedandrehatted.Foresuffer:itispossibletoanticipatemysticallythesufferingofthefuture,justasitispossibletoforeseeortohaveforeknowledgeofthefutureevents.Balconyful:itaffordsavividdescriptionofthenumberofpeoplestayingonthebalcony.Rehatted:itisphoneticharmonywithitsparalleledrefreshedandthusproducesahumorousandcomiceffect.,.,55,55,Compounding:thecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone.,.,56,56,WhileI,joy-jumping,empty-eyedsangonthedaymyfatherdied.BabeswakeOpen-eyed;Theywereelse-mindedthen,altogether,themen.Explain:joy-jumping:tojumpbecauseofjoy.Empty-eyed:therearenotearsintheeyeofthespeaker,.,57,57,Open-eyed:expressthesurpriseorastonishmentcausedbythemingledloudnoiseofshoutingorscreamingandbarkingwhenschoolisout.else-minded:heisthinkingofsomethingotherthanwhatrequireshisattention.Conversion:theadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.Forexample:A)ThatheartsThatspanieldmeatheels,towhomIgive,.,58,58,Theirwish,dodiscandy,melttheirsweetsOnblossomingCaesar;andthispineisbarkdThatovertoppedthemall.B)“Dontbesuchaharshparent,father”“Dontfatherme!”,.,59,59,C)IwasexplainingtheGoldenBulltohisRoyalHighness,“IllGoldenBullyou,yourascal!”roaredtheMajestyofPrussia.ExplainingSpanieldisaconversionfrom“spaniel”,referringtoaspaniellong-hairedbreedofhuntingdogwithfloppyears,asilkycoatandausuallydockedtail.ThisgivesavividpictureofthosewhooncefollowedAntonycloselyandobedientlylikeaspanielfollowitsmaster.,.,60,.,61,61,GoldenBull:tofightlikeagoldenbull.ItmanifeststheboorishnessoftheMajestyofPrussia.Father:dontcallmefather!Dontspeaktomeasifyouweremyfather!,.,62,Butmenobuts.,.,63,63,Outofsight,outofmindItwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,.,64,64,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.,Veni,vidi,vici.Caesar,.,65,65,EuphemismsTogotoabetterworld,togothewayofallflesh,tojointhesilentmajority,etc.,.,66,66,Loveismorethickerthanforgete.e.cummingsloveismorethickerthanforgetmorethinnerthanrecallmoreseldomthanawaveiswetmorefrequentthantofailitismostmadandmoonlyandlessitshallunbethanalltheseawhichonlyisdeeperthanthesea,.,67,67,loveislessalwaysthantowinlessneverthanalivelessbiggerthanleastbeginlesslittlerthanforgiveitismostsaneandsunlyandmoreitcannotdiethanalltheskywhichonlyishigherthanthesky,.,68,68,Inthispoem,theauthorshedanewlightonlove.Stanza