词汇学lecture1.ppt

WelcometotheClassofLEXICOLOGY,AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology,Lecturer:GaoXiang,Thereisnoeggineggplant,norhaminhamburger;Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple.Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog,Youcanbeprettysureitisntcanine.EnglishmuffinswerenotinventedinEnglandNorFrench-friesinFrance.Sweetmeatsarecandies,whilesweetbreads,Whicharentsweetaremeat.WetakeEnglishforgranted.,Butifweexploreitsparadoxes,Wefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly,Boxingringsaresquare,AndaguineapigisneitherfromGuineanorisitapig.Andwhyitisthatwriterswrite,butfingersdontfing,grocersdontgroce,Andhammersdontham?Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth,Whyisntthepluralofbooth,beeth?Onegoose,twogeese.So,onemoose,twomeese?Onemouse,twomice.Onelouse,twolice.Onehouse,twohice?,Ifteacherstaught,whydidntpreacherpraught?Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables,Whatdoesahumanitarianeat?Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital?Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship?Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways?Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame,Whileawisemanandawiseguyareopposites?HowcantheweatherbehotasHellonedayAndcoldasHellanother?,Whenahouseburnsup,itburnsdown.Youfillinaformbyfillingitout.Andanalarmclockgoesoffbygoingon.Yougetinandoutofacar,Yetyougetonandoffabus.Whenthestarsareout,theyarevisible,Butwhenlightsareout,theyareinvisible.Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,ButwhenIwindupthisessay,Iendit?Englishisasillylanguage.Itdoesntknowifitiscomingorgoing!,1.Introduction,ThetermlexicologycomesfromGreekmorphemes“lexis”,meaning“wordorphrase”,and“logie”meaning“adepartmentofknowledge”.Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwith“thestudyofthemeaningandusesofwords.”EnglishlexicologydealswithEnglishwords,theirorigin,meaning,historicaldevelopment,morphologicalstructures,senserelations,idioms,formationandapplication.,Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,history,structure,meaningandapplication.Lexicologyisthepartoflinguistics,dealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage.,2.Twodivisionsoflexicology,Lexicologyconsistsof“generallexicology”and“speciallexicology”;theformerexploresthewordsandvocabularyoflanguageingeneralandinvestigatestheirregularity,whereasthelatterstudieswordsofaparticularlanguage.Therefore,ourpresentcoursebook“ModernEnglishLexicology”fallsintotherangeof“speciallexicology”,studyingthewordsoftheEnglishlanguageonly.,BranchesofLexicology,General-thegeneralstudyofwords,irrespectiveofthespecificfeaturesofanyparticularlanguageSpecial-thedescriptionofthevocabularyofagivenlanguageHistorical-thestudyoftheevolutionofavocabularyaswellasofitselements.Thisbranchdiscussestheoriginofwords,theirchangeanddevelopment.Descriptive-dealswiththedescriptionofthevocabularyofagivenlanguageatagivenstageofitsdevelopment.,3.Fivesub-branchesoflexicology,Semanticsisconsideredtobeindependentsubject.However,othertheoristsclaimthatsemantics,whichinvestigatesthenature,structure,andthedevelopmentandchangeofwordmeaning,isasub-branchoflexicology.Theotherfourbranches:Etymologystudiesthemeaning,origin,andhistoryofindividualwordsandtheirdevelopment.Historicallexicologystudies,fromahistoricalpointofview,thedevelopmentofvocabularyasawholeonthebasisofetymology.Phraseologydealswithsetexpressionsoridioms.Lexicographyisconcernedwiththewritingandcompilationofdictionaries.,4.Therelationoflexicologytootherbranchesoflinguistics,WithPhonetics:Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Withoutsound,thereisnowordbecauseeverywordisaunityofsoundandmeaning.,超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语中是司空见惯的。例如：HeisaFrenchteacher.孤立地来看Frenchteacher，我们很难判别French在与teacher搭配时是什么意思。,但是在特定超音位的语境中，当我们赋予French一个主重音，Teacher一个次重音，这时，HeisaFrenchteacher就有了明确的意义，即：他是一位法语教师。,AFrench,teacherteachesFrench.,如果我们赋予French一个次重音，teacher一个主重音，这时HeisaFrenchteacher中的French表示法国国籍：,A,FrenchteacherisFrench.,超切分特征通过重音有规则的分配使得本族语者把宾语前置的修饰语与其他修饰语区分开来，试比较：Abull-,fightinvolvesbulls.A,bull-calfisayoungbull.Atoy,factoryproducestoys.A,toyfactoryisamodelofafactoryusedasatoy.,超切分特征传达了说话人的态度，即使是一个词，当被赋予不同的语调时，也会折射出说话人不同的态度：No(amatter-of-factstatement)No(questioning)No(doubtfulbutencouraging)No(indignant;emphaticprohibitionandscolding),2.Withgrammar:Vocabularyandgrammarareorganicallyrelatedtooneanother.Inlearningalanguage,attentiontogrammarisasimportantasattentiontovocabulary.Grammar,forexample,tellsushowtoformwordsintosentences.,Findfaultwith:有些成语可以进行某些转换，而不允许其他转换：Hefoundfaultwiththem.可以进行被动转换：Faultwasfoundwiththem.,但是，跟Hesoughthelpfromthem.不一样，“Hefoundfaultwiththem”中的名词是不可以变换为代名词的。以Hesoughthelpfromthem.为基础，我们可以转换出“Hedidntseekitfromme,和“Whatdidheseekfromyou?;但是，根据Hefoundfaultwiththem,我们不能转换出：*Wedidntfinditwithme*Whatdidhefindwithyou?,Across:当across作为方向或目标语状语成为谓体的附加状语时，在肯定句中，across可以移至句首，如：Acrossthefield,wewalked，carryingheavyequipment.,但是在否定句中，由于这类状语往往是否定的焦点，所以在否定句中，across引导的方向或目标附加状语通常都不跳出否定结构范围之外，如：Theydidntwalkacrossthefield,carryingheavyequipment.*Acrossthefield,theydidntwalk,carryingheavyequipment.,beaccustomedto,Beusedto:Iamaccustomedtocoldweather.Iamusedtocoldweather.AccustomedasIamtocoldweather,IstillpreferFlorida.*UsedasIamtocoldweather,IstillpreferFlorida.,Almost,nearly,practically这三个副词可以修饰形容词，如：Itisnearlydark.Itisalmostdark.Itispracticallydark.,但是在这三个副词中，只有nearly可以用在not,very,pretty的后面，如：Itisnotnearlydark.*Itisveryalmostdark.*Itisprettypracticallydark.,Almost和practically可以加强所有不定代词的语义，而nearly只能加强断定代词的语义，如：Almosteverybodycame.Practicallyeverybodycame.Nearlyeverybodycame.Almostnobodycame.Practicallyanytimewilldo.*Nearlynocompensationwasgiven.,BadlyBadly常作方式附加状语使用。方式附加状语通常是信息的中心。如果方式附加状语是动词的必具性状语，它就只能处于句末的位置，如：Theytreatedmeverybadly.*Theyverybadlytreatedme.Heputthepointbadly.*Hebadlyputthepoint.,但是在被动语态中，badly既可以紧放在过去分词之前，也可以紧放在过去分词之后，如：Theywerebadlytreated.Theyweretreatedbadly.Badly作为增强语通常和need,want连用,不和wish连用,如:*Ibadlywishedhimtogo.,Abit,alittleAbit和alittle只能用在表语位置上，若与表示“令人不快”意思的形容词连用，则含有“过分”的意思：Theweatherisabit(too)hot.*Theweatherisabitlovely.*abithotweather,Certainlycertainly作为强调语不能用在否定结构或者疑问结构之中，如：*Dotheycertainlywanthimtogo?,Fairly作为强调语修饰动词时往往会受到限制，尤其是在英式英语中，它常要求它的谓体具有某种夸张的含义，如：Inheranger,shefairlyscreamedathim.*Inheranger,shefairlyspoketohim.,KindlyKindly作为礼貌下加状语必须放在句首的位置，如：Kindlyleavetheroom.Kindlydontinterruptme.*Leavetheroomkindly.*Dontinterruptmekindly.,Kindly在疑问句和表示请求的句子中通常都不能被very所修饰，如：*VerykindlytellmewhereIcanbuytheticket.*Willyouverykindlybuymeaticket?,3.TosemanticsSemanticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningsoflanguageindifferentlinguisticlevels:lexicon,syntax,utterance,discourse,etc.Lexicologyfocusesonthelexicallevel.,5.TostylisticsStylisticsisthestudyofoptionalvariationsinthesounds,forms,orvocabularyofalanguageascharacteristicofdifferentuseoflanguage,differentsituationsofuse,ordifferentliterarytypes.,不同的发音，如：Heiseatingnow.(neutral)；Heiseatin.(informal).,1)Letsdineonfriedchicken.2)Hey,baby,wannadinetonight?3)MeandBobaredininout.4)Wouldjadinewithmetonight?,5)Wouldyoudinewithmetonight?6)MrsWhitmorewishesyoutodinewithher.,1)Letsdineonfriedchicken.2)Hey,baby,wannadinetonight?3)MeandBobaredininout.4)Wouldjadinewithmetonight?,Thefirstfoursentencesarehumorous.Thejokeforeachliesintheviolationofco-occurrencerestrictions.,1)Letsdineonfriedchicken.2)Hey,baby,wannadinetonight?,Foodeatenwiththefingersisnotanappropriateobjectofdine.Hey,baby,impliesthatthespeakerisayoungmaletryingtoputforthamachoimage.Since,inoursociety,beingmachoisnotassociatedwithrefinement,suchspeechformsclashwiththeformaldine.,3)MeandBobaredininout.4)Wouldjadinewithmetonight?,In3,thegrammaticalvariantmeandBobisamarkerofnonstandardspeech.PeoplewhousemeandBobarenotlikelytospeakofdiningnomatterhowwelltheyeat.Thepronunciationdininishumorousbecausethe-inreplacementfor-ingisreservedforinformalspeech,butdineisformal.Similarly,wouldjaisamorecasualpronunciationthanwouldyou.,5)Wouldyoudinewithmetonight?6)MrsWhitmorewishesyoutodinewithher.,Thelasttwosentencesarenothumorousbecausetheyareentirelyformal,henceappropriatefordine,althoughtheytoocouldbeusedfacetiouslyby,say,apersonadoptingtheformaltoneforcomiceffect.,再看下面短文：,FlorenceNightingalemanifestedunprecedentedattributesofdoggeddeterminationanddriveduringthehideousholocaustoftheCrimeanWarandatlotsofothertimestoo.,作者使用了高度正式、几乎接近拘谨的文体，以一种非常严肃的面孔出现在读者的面