托福综合写作PPT课件

.,1,综合写作,hxoliver,IntegratedWriting,.,2,综合写作-Integratedtaskbasedonwhatisreadandheard。,综合写作题目内容一般是学术性的，通常涉及课堂、讲座、师生对话等教学活动。具体讲，考生先读一段资料，然后听一段与所读资料相关的讲座，写作时，考生需要联系所听资料与所读资料以复述的方式将其描述出来，但是要用不同的语言和方式，否则会被认为是剽窃。,使用语言的目的是获取所涉及学科的信息，以利于学生更好地完成在北美大学的学业。综合写作旨在考核考生通过写作来对所读到的和听到的学术信息进行交流的能力。,.,3,综合写作考试流程,1)考生用3分钟左右的时间阅读一篇230300词的短文。文章内容是学术性的，主题比较单一，难度中等。结构布局具有条理性。阅读时应试者可以做笔记。由于速度不是很快，考生一般应有充分的时间归纳文章的主旨大意，既可为后面的听力部分做出一些预测，也可为听完后的写作积累素材。注意这一部分要带着耳机看阅读材料，因为三分钟结束时没有提示戴耳机的步骤，直接就开始放听力了。,.,4,综合写作考试流程,2)3分钟后阅读文章隐去，进入听力部分。屏幕上将出现老师在讲课的照片，注意不要尝试在照片上找什么线索，考生可以在耳机中听到一段讲课录音，其内容是从不同的视角对同一学术话题的讨论，长度为250300个单词，时间约为1分半钟。由此可见，听力的语速是比较快的。在听录音的过程中，要凭借自己的记忆力，并通过笔记记录下听到的主要内容，以帮助答题。,.,5,综合写作考试流程,3)听力篇章结束后，考生有20分钟的时间归纳、组织和回答问题。在20分钟内完成一篇短文，ETS建议考生的写作长度是150225词;写作过程中，隐去的文章会重现，考生可以阅读、参考。此外，写作要求也会出现在屏幕上。屏幕上的时钟开始计时。考生最后要以连贯而有逻辑的方式对听力段落中的主要观点进行概括，并且解释听力段落中的这些观点是如何与阅读段落中的观点相关联的。,Note:考生在复述所听资料与所读资料的关系时，要用不同的语言和方式，不能大段摘抄原文材料，否则会被认为是剽窃。,.,6,.,7,.,8,.,9,.,10,.,11,.,12,综合写作评分要求,1）在20分钟内完成一篇短文，ETS建议考生的写作长度是150225词；2)阅卷者将根据考生所写文章内容的准确性和完整性以及遣词造句水平的高低给分;3)充分理解题目的要求，找出阅读短文以及听力材料中的主要信息，包括隐含信息，以及这两个材料中信息的相关性;,.,13,综合写作评分要求,4)对每一条主要信息，考生最好能提供一定的细节或事实来支持它;5)文章不要求应试者表达自己的观点，只要求应试者用自己的语言全面而准确地再现阅读、听力材料中的主要信息。必要的时候，可引用原文中的内容，但只能意译，不能生搬硬抄，否则会有剽窃嫌疑。,.,14,综合写作5分标准,阅读内容准确把握要点；听力内容准确把握要点以及细节；阅读与听力之间的关系阐述清楚；可以容忍一些语言上的不至于影响理解的小错误。,.,15,综合写作4分标准,阅读内容准确把握要点，但若大段抄阅读内容则会扣分；听力内容准确把握要点，但如果细节遗漏（或写错）得4分；阅读与听力之间的关系阐述或有不清楚之处；语言上出现了影响理解文章的某些严重错误。,.,16,综合写作3分标准,阅读内容把握要点，但若大段照抄阅读内容则会扣分；听力内容漏掉（或写错）一个要点直接得3分；阅读与听力之间的关系阐述不清或有错；语言上出现了较多错误以至于影响理解。,.,17,综合写作2分标准,大段照抄阅读内容；听力内容有要点以及细节，但如果漏掉（或写错）两个要点得2分；阅读与听力之间的关系没有阐述清楚；阐述自己观点；语言上出现了较多错误。,.,18,综合写作1分标准,写了听力和阅读内容中的只言片语。,.,19,综合写作0分标准,写的不是英文；写的不是正常人类能够看懂的字符；写的内容跟阅读和听力完全没有关系。,.,20,JaneAusten(1775-1817)isoneofthemostfamousofallEnglishnovelists,andtodayhernovelsaremorepopularthanever,withseveralrecentlyadaptedasHollywoodmovies.Butwedonothavemanyrecordsofwhatshelookedlike.Foralongtime,theonlyacceptedimageofAustenwasanamateursketchofanadultAustenmadebyhersisterCassandra.Howeverrecentlyaprofessionallypainted,full-lengthportraitofateenagegirlownedbyamemberoftheAustenfamilyhascomeupforsale.AlthoughtheprofessionalpaintingisnottitledJaneAusten,therearegoodreasonstobelievesheisthesubject.First,in1882,severaldecadesafterAustensdeath,Austensfamilygavepermissiontousetheportraitasanillustrationinaneditionofherletters.Austensfamilyclearlyrecognizeditasaportraitoftheauthor.So,foroveracenturynow,theAustenfamilyitselfhasendorsedtheclaimthatthegirlintheportraitisJaneAusten.Second,thefaceintheportraitclearlyresemblestheoneinCassandrassketch,whichweknowdepictsAusten.Thoughsomewhatamateurish,thesketchcommunicatesdefinitedetailsaboutAustensface.EventhoughtheCassandrasketchisofanadultJaneAusten,thefeaturesarestillsimilartothoseoftheteenagegirlinthepainting.Theeyebrows,nose,mouth,andoverallshapeofthefaceareverymuchlikethoseinthefull-lengthportrait.Third,althoughthepaintingisunsignedandundated,thereisevidencethatitwaspaintedwhenAustenwasateenager.ThestylelinksittoOziasHumphrey,asocietyportraitpainterwhowasthekindofprofessionalthewealthyAustenfamilywouldhire.Humphreywasactiveinthelate1780sandearly1790s,exactlytheperiodwhenJaneAustenwastheageofthegirlinthepainting.,.,21,题材不确定,听力,电脑打字,.,22,综合写作难点,1)这种题型在国内极为少见，考生对这种题型几乎没有什么实战经验，且与此相关的参考资料相对较少，使很多刚接触新托福的考生感到无所适从;2)由于读、听两个输入环节与写这个输出环节紧密相连，无论前面哪一个环节出现了障碍，都会影响到下面的写作环节。而听力对大多数中国考生来说又都是弱项;3)尽管这种题型阅读部分难度不大，但阅读材料在写作时的再现，会导致一些写作能力差的考生照搬原文，而不能用自己的语言完成答题，最后导致分数过低。,.,23,结构式笔记StructuredNotes,Summary,Comparison,.,24,Teamresponsibleforplan/getworkdonefree-ridepeoplenotdomuchrecognitionRealcontributionnotrecognizedattitudeopporeadingnotmovequicktakelongconsensusmanymeetstheother,无结构,无关系,漏观点,.,25,L,M1.Ex2.Ex3.Ex:,R,M1.Ex2.Ex3.Ex:,.,26,Reading,以词为单位,.,27,L,R,M:hydFCpromis/alteradvanhydava/renewEx:多gas/solvepolluEx:H2OprodunoCO2￥/Ex:effici/少ener,M:1.Ex:2.Ex:3.Ex:,.,28,Reading,够用即可,以词为单位,观点是重点,.,29,L,R,M:hydFCpromis/alteradvanhydavailable/renewEx:plentigas/solvepolluEx:H2OprodunoCO2economi/Ex:effici/lessenergy,M:1.Ex:2.Ex:3.Ex:,.,30,例子和解释是重点,尽可能详细,以词为单位,Listening,.,31,L,R,M:hydFCpromis/alteradvanhydavailable/renewEx:plentigas/solvepolluEx:waterprodunoCO2economi/Ex:effici/lessenergy,M:hydnotsoluttopollutnoteasilyavailEx:liquorstatedifficultstorecoolingnotpractinotsolveprobl-carsproduhydpollutEx:coal/oilburnpollutfactorypollutexpensiEx:madeofpexpeneffortreplanotsuccess,.,32,综合写作听力,用缩写表示名词概念、动词、部分形容词用符号替代逻辑关系结构：1、2、3因果：转折增加或减少大于或小于,.,33,TheseaotterisasmallmammalthatlivesinwatersalongthewesterncoastofNorthAmericafromCaliforniatoAlaska.WhensomeseaotterpopulationsofftheAlaskancoaststartedrapidlydecliningafewyearsago,itcausedmuchconcernbecauseseaottersplayanimportantecologicalroleinthecoastalecosystem.Expertsstartedinvestigatingthecauseofthedeclineandquicklyrealizedthatthereweretwopossibleexplanations:environmentalpollutionorattacksbypredators.Initially,thepollutionhypothesisseemedthemorelikelyofthetwo.ThefirstreasonwhypollutionseemedthemorelikelycausewasthattherewereknownsourcesofitalongtheAlaskancoast,suchasoilrigsandothersourcesofindustrialchemicalpollution.Watersamplesfromthearearevealedincreasedlevelsofchemicalsthatcoulddecreasetheottersresistancetolife-threateninginfectionsandthuscouldindirectlycausetheirdeaths.Second,otherseamammalssuchassealsandsealionsalongtheAlaskancoastwerealsodeclining,indicatingthatwhateverhadendangeredtheotterswasaffectingotherseamammalsaswell.Thisfactagainpointedtoenvironmentalpollution,sinceitusuallyaffectstheentireecosystemratherthanasinglespecies.Onlywidelyoccurringpredators,suchastheorca(alargepredatorywhale),couldhavethesameeffect,butorcasprefertohuntmuchlargerprey,suchasotherwhales.Third,scientistsbelievedthatthepollutionhypothesiscouldalsoexplaintheunevenpatternofotterdecline:atsomeAlaskanlocationstheotterpopulationsdeclinedgreatly,whileatotherstheyremainedstable.Someexpertsexplainedtheseobservationsbysuggestingthatoceancurrentsorotherenvironmentalfactorsmayhavecreatedunevenconcentrationsofpollutantsalongthecoast.,.,34,Well,ongoinginvestigationshaverevealedthatpredationisthemostlikelycauseofseaotterdeclineafterall.Well,ongoinginvestigationshaverevealedthatpredationisthemostlikelycauseofseaotterdeclineafterall.First,thepollutiontheoryisweakenedbythefactthatnoonecanreallyfindanydeadseaotherswashingoffonAlaskanbeaches.Thatsnotwhatyouwouldexpectifinfectionscausedbypollutionstartedkillingalotofotters.Ontheotherhand,thefactthatitssohardtofinddeadottersisconsistentwiththepredatorhypothesis.Ifanotteriskilledbyapredator,itseatenimmediatelysoitcantwashuponshore.Second,althoughorcasmayprefertohuntwhales,whaleshaveessentiallydisappearedfromtheareabecauseofhumanhunters.Thatmeansthatorcashavehadtochangetheirdiettosurviveandsinceonlysmallerseamammalsarenowavailable,orcashaveprobablystartedhuntingthose.Soitprobablyistheorcasthatarecausingthedeclineofallthesmallerseamammalsmentionedinthepassage-theseals,thesealionsandtheseaotters.Andthird,theunevenpatternofotterdeclineisbetterexplainedbytheorcapredationtheorythanbythepollutiontheory.Whathappenstoottersseemstodependonwhetherthelocationwheretheyliveisaccessibletoorcasornot.Inthoselocationsthatorcascanaccesseasily,thenumberofseaottershasdeclinedgreatly.However,becauseorcasaresolarge,theycantaccessshalloworrockylocations.Andshallowandrockylocationsarepreciselythetypesoflocationswhereseaotterpopulationshavenotdeclined.,.,35,Thelecturerandthereadingpassagesuggesttwocompetingtheories,thepredationtheoryvs.thepollutiontheory,toexplainwhytheseaotterpopulationisinrapiddecline.,.,36,Theprofessorreasonsthattheabsenceofdeadseaotterswashedupthecoastsuggeststhattheirdeclineisnotcausedbyseapollutionbutratherbyseapredatorswhoconsumetheirbodiesafterkillingthem.However,thereadingpassageattributesthedeathofseaotterstopollution,whichistotallydifferentfromthelecture.,.,37,Furthermore,thelecturerarguesthatorcasarelikelyfactorsinthedisappearanceofseaotters,becausethescarcityofwhales,theirusualprey,hasleftthemwithnootherchoicebuttostarthuntingsmallermammalsliketheottersforfood.Andthisdirectlycontradictsthereadingpassagethatthepollutiontheoryastheonlyexplanationforthedeclineofsmallseamammals.,.,38,Finally,accordingtothelecturer,theunevenpatternofseaotterdeclinecorrespondstothedistributionoftheorcas;shearguesthatthefactthattheirpopulationhasdeclinedtheleastwhereitisshalloworrockyandorcasaremostprevalentfurthervalidatesthepredationtheory.However,thereadingpassagepointsoutthatchangeableenvironmentalfactorsbetterexplainsthevaryingpatternofseaotterdecline.Therefore,thelecturercompletelyarguesagainstthereadingpassage.,.,39,综合写作模式,A完全反驳B完全赞同C原因措施,.,40,表示反驳类的单词,differto,disagreewith,castdoubton,conflictwith,challenge，refute，confute，contradict，controvert，combat，talkback，re-examine，disprove,.,41,表示认为，提出的单词,pointout，present，state，think，believe，emphasize，demonstrate，assert，claim，stress，,.,42,阅读ReadingPassageReadingmaterialWriterAuthor,听力ListeningProfessorLecturerArguerTeacherInstructor,.,43,模版一,Thelectureismainlydiscussing_,_and_by_,challengingwhatarestatedinthereadingpassagethat_,_and_.,.,44,Firstofall,thespeakerthinksthat_.Incontrast,thereadingpassagebelievesthat_.So,thelecturestotallydisagreewiththeviewmadeinthereading.,.,45,Second,thespeakerdiscusses_,Contradictingwhatisstatedinthereadingthat_.,.,46,Finally,thespeakersraisestheissuethat_.Thispointdisagreeswiththepointthat_demonstratedinthereading.,.,47,So,thecontentsinthereadingpassagearetotallyjeopardizedbythespeakerandthespeakerhastotallydifferentideasonthetopicsmadeinthereading.,.,48,模版二,Thespeakerinthelectureprincipallyarguesthat_（听力中心大意，一句话归纳）,whichcontradictthemainstatementinthereading,thusrefutingthereadingpassagetotally.Inordertosubstantiatehiscontentionaswellastojeopardizethereadingpassage,thespeakerlaterreexamsthesupportingdetailsinthereadingpassageandforwardsalternativeexplanations.,.,49,Inte