2016高考英语阅读理解解题技巧和方法

阅读理解高三解题指导,Readingcomprehension,高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求,要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能：、理解主旨要义；、理解文中具体信息；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、作出简单判断和理解；、理解文章的基本结构；、理解作者的意图和态度；7、根据所读，用恰当的词语补全文章提纲、概括关键内容或作要词词语转换。,主旨大意型,事实细节型,词义猜测型,命题类,推理判断型,ReadingComprehension-InferenceQuestions,阅读理解专题-推理判断题,阅读推理判断题,推断题分类,1.Questionforms:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.Fromthetextweknowthatismostlikely.Whenthewritertalksabout,whatthewriterreallymeansis.Thewritersuggeststhat.Thestoryimpliesthat.Wecaninferconcludefromthepassage这类题干中通常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude等标志性词语。,一、如何推断隐含意义,2.技巧点拨1).全面分析2).忠实原文3).不要选择表层信息,二、如何推断作者观点和态度：,1.Questionforms:Thewritersattitudetowardis_.Thewriterthoughtthat_.Accordingtotheauthor_.,2.技巧点拨注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。,1.（江西卷）Justascryingcanbehealthy,notcryingholdingbacktearsofanger,painorsufferingcanbebadforphysical(身体的)health.Studieshaveshownthattoomuchcontrolofemotionscanleadtohighbloodpressure,heartproblemsandsomeotherillnesses.Ifyouhaveahealthproblem,doctorswillcertainlynotaskyoutocry.Butwhenyoufeellikecrying,dontfightit.Itsanaturalandhealthyemotionalresponse(反应).（2分钟）Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Cryingisthebestwaytogethelpfromothers.B.Fightingbacktearsmaycausesomehealthproblems.C.Wewillneverknowourdeepfeelingsunlesswecry.D.Wemustcryifwewanttoreducepressure.,2.Whyisntyournewspaperreportinganygoodnews？AllIreadaboutismurder,bribery(行贿)，anddeath.Frankly，Imsickofallthebadnews.Thisauthorsattitudetowardsthenewspaperreportingisto_.A.complainB.apologizeC.amuseD.inform,说明文中作者的态度:objectiveneutral在议论文中，有：(1)positive(2)negative(3)neutral(4)approval(5)disapproval(6)indifferent(7)ironic(8)critical(9)optimistic(10)pessimistic,客观的,消极的,漠不关心的,赞成的,不赞成的,乐观的,悲观的,Takingnotes:,中立的,积极的,讽刺的,批评的,中立的,三、如何推断写作目的,1.Questionforms:(1)考查整篇文章的写作目的A.Thewriterspurposeofwritingthispassageisto_.B.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?C.Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto_.,(2)考查某处细节的写作意图A.Thewriterusestheexampleoftoshowthat_.B.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_.C.arementionedinthefirstparagraphto_.,2.常见的写作目的归纳不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的,但写作目的通常有以下三种：(1)toentertainreaders（娱乐读者，让人发笑）(2)topersuadereaders（说服读者接受某种观点）(3)toinformreaders（告知读者某些信息）,常见于故事类的文章。tomakepeoplelaugh;totellaninterestingexperience,常见于广告类的文章。tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience,多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章.,1.“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.（1.5分钟）Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_.A.testthereadersknowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereadersattentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylorsimportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem,2.AyoungmanfromavillagecalledNawalapitiyamarriedayoungwomanfromMaliyuwa,anearbyvillage.Theylivedwiththemansbigfamily-hisparents,hisbrothers,theirwivesandchildren.Thefamilykeptanelephant,inwhichtheyoungwomansoontookagreatinterest.Everydayshefeditwithfruitandsugar.Threemonthslaterthewomanwentbacktoherparentshome,havingquarreledwithherhusband.Soontheelephantrefusedtoeatorwork.Itappearedtobeillandheart-broken.Onemorningafterseveralweekstheanimaldisappearedfromthehouse.Itwenttothewomanshome.Onseeingher,theelephantwaveditstrunkandtouchedherwithit.Theyoungwomanwassomovedbytheactoftheanimalthatshereturnedtoherhusbandshome.（3分钟）Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto_.A.showthatelephantsareverycleverB.tellhowawomantrainedawildanimalC.showthatwomencaremoreforanimalsthanmendoD.tellhowananimalreunitedahusbandandwife,1.Questionforms:Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom_.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof_.,四、如何推断文章出处,2.解题技巧这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称(2)广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认(3)产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等,1.（全国卷）Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.Toreducepain,taketwotablets(药片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(缓解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctorsadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma_.（2分钟）A.textbookB.newsreel(新闻片)C.doctorsnotebookD.bottleofmedicine,2.Morethan30,000driversandfrontseatpassengersarekilledorseriouslyinjured（受伤）eachyear.Ataspeedofonly30milesperhouritisthesameasfallingfromathirdfloorwindow.Wearingaseatbelt（安全带）saveslives;itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf.Thereforedriversorfrontseatpassengersover14inmostvehiclesmustwearaseatbelt.Ifyoudonot,youcouldbefinedupto$50.Itwillnotbeuptothedriverstomakesureyouwearyourbelt.Butitwillbethedriversresponsibility（责任）tomakesurethatchildrenunder14donotrideinthefrontunlesstheyarewearingseatbeltofsomekind.However,youdonothavetowearaseatbeltifyouarereversing（倒退）yourvehicleoryouaremakingalocaldelivery（发送）orcollectionusingaspecialvehicle;orifyouhaveavalidmedicalcertificatewhichexcusesyoufromwearingit.Makesurethesecircumstances（情形）applytoyoubeforeyoudecidenottowearyourseatbelt.Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotdoingso,andyoumaybefinedifyoucannotprovetothecourtthatyouhavebeenexcusedfromwearingit.（3分钟）Thistextistakenfrom_.A.amedicalmagazineB.apolicereportC.anadvertisement（广告）D.agovernmentinformationbooklet（小册子）,Morethan30,000arekilledorseriouslyinjured（受伤）eachyear.,youcouldbefinedupto$50,Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtyoumaybefined,2.解题技巧推测下文的内容：根据作者的思路进行推理推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。,五推断文脉逻辑关系,1)推断上下文内容1.Questionforms:Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith_Theparagraphprecedingthisonewouldmostlikelydiscuss_.,Whenearlyhumanshuntedandgatheredfood,theywerenotincontroloftheirenvironment.Theycouldonlyinteractwiththeirsurroundingsaslowerorganismsdid.Whenhumanslearnedtomakefire,however,theybecamecapableofalteringtheirenvironment.Toprovidethemselveswithfueltheystrippedbarkfromtrees,causingthetreestodie.Clearingswereburnedinforeststoincreasethegrowthofgrassandtoprovideagreatergrazingareaforthewildanimalsthathumansfedupon.Thisdevelopmentledtofarmingandthedomesticationofanimals.Firealsoprovidedthemeansforcookingplantswhichhadpreviouslybeeninedible.Onlywhentheprocessofmeetingthebasicneedforfoodreachedacertainlevelofsophisticationwasitpossibleforhumanstofollowotherpursuitssuchasthefoundingofcities.（3分钟）Theparagraphfollowingthispassagewouldmostlikelybeabout_.A.fireB.huntingC.farmingD.urbanization（城市化）,2.解题技巧：按段落的组织方法理解文章结构按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章结构,2)推断篇章组织结构1.Questionforms:Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?,1.推断隐含意义,必须吃透相关文段的意思。2.推断作者的写作意图，应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。3.推断作者的观点，应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想。4.推断文脉逻辑，必须特别关注作者的思路和段落组织方法，推断下文要注意最后一段的内容,尤其是最后的两三句话。,总结,细节题解题技巧细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节（通常是四个）放在一起要求考生判断是非（选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案（此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换）。现在围绕上述的定位理论，引申出几个小的技巧：（1）关键信息定位法。这个主要是细节题，如涉及到数字（日期、时间、价格等），就可以在文章中快速圈出数字，再找出目标数字及相对应的细节作息，还有人物姓名、地点名词等等，其他的还包括一些提示情节发展，或条纲性关键字眼，如First，Next，Finally等等。,Asayounggirlgrowingupinthe1930s，Ialwayswantedtoflyaplane，butbackthenitwasalmostunheardofforawomantodothat.Igotatasteofthatdreamin2011，whenmyhusbandarrangedformetorideinahotairballoonformybirthday.（2011年高考英语北京A篇）Whathappenedtotheauthorin2011？A.SheflewanairplaneB.SheenteredacompetitionC.ShewentonahotairballoonrideD.Shemovedintoaretirementcommunity解析：此题属典型细节题，通过题干中的时间in2011不难定位到文中粗体字部分，很容易可以锁定正解为C。,（2）同义定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同义定位就是指问题所用的关键词和文中的不一致，但属于同义性质，同义转换其实是在关键间的基础上拐了个弯。,Helongsforconversationswithaneditorwhowillhelphimturnhisgoodideasintogreatones.Hewantssomeonetogetexcitedaboutwhathesdoingandtohelphimturnhisstoryideaupsidedownandinsideout，exploringthebestwaystoreportit.Hewantstobemorevaluableforyourpaper.Whatdoesthereporterwantmostfromhiseditorsintheirtalks？A.Findingthenewsvalueofhisstories.B.Givinghimfinancialsupport.C.Helpinghimtofindissues.D.Improvinghisgoodideas.解析：此题属细节题，定位方式为同义定位法。题干中的talks和文章中conversations对应，而wantmost和longsfor对应，这样不难得出答案为D。小结：在阅读中，精准快速的定位加上正确的理解力才能保证做题的量与质。定位法是需要在做题的过程中有意识的培养的，做题的技巧也是可以总结的，关键是要自觉培养这种分析归纳和总结的意识以及能力。,主旨大意题解题技巧Topic/Title型-使用逆推法（1）要在阅读原文基础上，仔细考虑选项是否与文章主题有密切联系（2）再看选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何（3）要注意题目是否过大或者过小（4）要避免下列三种错误概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，导致范围过小）过度概括（多表现为扩大范围）以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意。,词义句意题解题技巧要求考生通过阅读上下文，结合中