高考英语阅读理解-----推理判断

阅读理解主要考查形式主要有四大类：,1事实细节题。,2主旨大意题。,3词义猜测题。,4推理判断题。,英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，而是要求阅读者根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义，这就是判断推理题。判断推理题在阅读测试中属于难题。因此，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，哲学原理，并借助一定的常识进行分析，推理，判断。,五年高考全国卷推理判断题量统计表,7,7,5,7,8,推理判断题量在近5年中相对稳定,1.数据推断题,3.逻辑结论推断题,2.知识推断题,5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题,6.写作目的/意图推断题,7.文章出处/来源推断题,推理判断,8.预测想象推断题,4.隐含意思/细节推断题,1.数据推断题,解答此类题,关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息,然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上,运用自己的数学知识,对其进行分析、推算,从而得出正确的结论。,技巧:,ShakespearesBirthplaceandExhibitionofShakespearesWorldTheBirthplaceiswithineasywalkingdistanceofallthecarparksshownonthemap:nearestisWindsorStreet(3minutesWalk)Q:Howmuchistheadmissionforafamilyoftwogrown-upsandtwochildren?A.9.80B.12.00C.14.20D.16.40,Example1:,BelowaresomeclassifiedadsfromanEnglishnewspaper.classifiedadsFORDIRECTCLASSIFIEDSERVICECALL800-055710A.M.-4P.M.MONDAY-FRIDAYFORSALECOMEtoourmovingsale-Plants,pottery,books,clothes,etc,Sat,Dec.14th-9a.m.-5p.m.1612Ferndale,Apt.1,800-4696.USEDFURCOATSandJACKETS.GOODcondition.$30-$50.Call800-0436after12noon.MOVING:Mustsell.TV21”,$50;AM/FMradioA/Corbattery,$15;cassettetaperecorder,$10.CallJonorPat,800-0793after5p.m.orweekends.SHEEPSKINCOAT:mans,size42,1yearold.$85.After6p.m.,800-5224.Q:Asecond-handjacketwillprobablycostyou_.A.$60B.$40C.$20D.$10,Example2:,2.知识推断题,解答此类题，不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础常识，而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。,知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。,知识推断题一般都是针对细节。,技巧:,Tokyo:Threesnakes,whosepoisoncouldkillapersonintenminutes,areguardingabluestarsapphire(蓝宝石)worthnearlysixhundredthousanddollarsataJapaneseexhibitionofjewelssentfromanIndianmuseum.“Normallyitwouldbeforbiddentoletthesepoisonoussnakesguardexhibitionobjects,butitsdifferentthistimebecausethejewelsarebeingexhibitedatahotel,”apoliceofficialsaid.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbitten(咬)byoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.Medicinewasbeingkeptreadyatanearbyhospital.Q:Thejewelswasbeingshownin_.A.anIndianhotelB.anIndianmuseumC.aJapanesehotelD.aJapanesemuseum,Example3:,3.逻辑结论推断题,解答这类题的前提是首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意的要求进行推断。,逻辑结论是指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。,技巧:,Whentheyoungwaitressnearmyhousestartedsayinghellotomeeveryday,Iwasveryhappy.ShewasatleastfifteenyearsyoungerthanI.Onedayshesignedmetocomenear.WhenIwalkedover,sheasked,“Areyousingle?”“Why,yes.”Ianswered,smilingatherhappily.“Soismymother.”shesaid,“Wouldyouliketomeether?”Q:Thewaitresssaidhellotothewritereverydaybecause_.A.shelivednearhishouseB.heoftenwenttovisithermotherC.shewantedtobefriendlywithhimD.shelovedhimverymuch,Example4:,OnceNapoleonstayedinasmallinn(旅馆).“Please,sir.”beggedtheinnkeeper,“Dontkillus!Wemeantnothing!”Thesoldiersmovedback.Theinnkeepersawthemraisingtheirguns.ThenNapoleoncalled:“Ready!Aim!”Thewifescreamed.“Stop!”saidNapoleon.Hewenttotheinnkeeper,“Now,youknowtheanswertothequestionyouaskedmejustnow,dontyou?”Q:WhydidNapoleonorderedhismentotiethecouple?Becausehewantedtoteachtheinnkeeperagoodlessonforbotheringhim.B.Becausehewantedtokillthecoupletogetridofhisanger.C.Becausehewantedtoshowthathewassoadmiringageneralthatnobodycouldupsethim.D.Becausehewantedtomadetheinnkeeperknowthatagenerallikehimhadthesamefeelingastheordinarypeopleinfaceofdanger.,Example5:,4.隐含意思/细节推断题,1.文章中直接用于表达细节的信息2.文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论3.与文章内容完全相反的结论4.不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。,干扰项特点:,4.隐含意思/细节推断题,要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。2.要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。3.注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知。,技巧:,Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant,“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches(蟑螂)andtwospiders.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well,”repliedtheman,“ImmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”Q:Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects,Example6:,Sincemyretirement(退休)fromteachingmusicin2001,Ihavespentagooddealoftimepaintingasanartist.Inanycase,Idrewpenandinkanimalsandlandscapes(风景画)muchinfluenced（影响）byKrenkelandSt.Johnforfiveyears.butassoonasIwalkedoutoftheschooldoorforthelasttimeIpickedupmybrushesandrediscoveredAndrewWyeth,whoquicklybecamemyfavoriteartist.SoIpaintedlandscapesaroundMinnesotaforthreeyearsandtriedoutmanyothertypesofpainting.AsConfuciusoncesaid,“AtseventyIcanfollowmyheartsdesire.”71.Wecaninferfromthetextthattheauthor_.A.hadbeentaughtbyKrenkelandSt.JohnB.paintedlandscapesinMinnesotafor5yearsC.believedWyethtobethebestinwatercolorsD.startedhisretirementlifeattheageofseventy,Example7:,5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题,作者观点、态度题考查目标比较明确，题干一般都含有accordingtothewriter/author,attitude,opinion,believe,consider,regard等词或短语。,这类题目除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现的态度外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度或评价。如作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是中立/犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。,5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题,常见提问形式:,1.Whatstheauthorsattitudetowards?2.Whatistheopinionofthewriterinthispassage?3.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“”?4.Fromtheparagraph,whatdoyouthinktheauthorwantstotellus?5.Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof/against-.6.Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree？,5.作者观点、态度倾向推断题,干扰项特点:,1.是自己的某种看法或观点2.是社会的一种普遍种倾向3.是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等,技巧:,问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中表达感情色彩的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2.如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。,LastweekmyyoungestsonandIvisitedmyfatherathisnewhomeinTucson,Arizona.Hemovedthereafewyearsago,andIwaseagertoseehisnewplaceandmeethisfriends.eagleOnthefirstdayofmyvisit,wewentoutwithoneofmyfathersfriendsforlunchatanoutdoorcaf.Wetalkedalongthatafternoon,didsomeshopping,ateonthestreettable,andlaughedovermysonsfunnyfacialexpressions.Gonewasmyfatherscritical(挑剔的)airandstrictrules.WhowasthispersonIknewasmyfather,whoseemedsofriendlyandinterestingtobearound?Whathadheldhimbackbefore?Q:WhatdoestheauthorthinkofherfatherafterhervisittoTucson?A.MorecriticalB.MoretalkativeC.GentleandfriendlyD.Strictandhard-working.,Example8:,来访；露面,Askids,myfriendsandIspentalotoftimeoutinthewoods.“Thewoods”wasourpart-timeaddress,destination,purpose,andexcuse.Itwasinatree,too,thatourdaysoffoolingaroundinthewoodscametoanend.Bythensomeofushasreachedseventhgradeandhadbeguntheroughrideofadolescence(青春期).InMarch,themonthwhenweusuallytooktothewoodsagainafterwinter,twofriendsandIsetouttogoexploring.Weclimbedatree,andallofasuddenitoccurredtoallthreeofusatthesametimethatwereallywereratherbigtobeupinatree.SoontherewouldbethespringdancesonFridayeveningsinthehighschoolcafeteria.Q:Howdoestheauthorfeelabouthischildhood?A.Happybutshort.B.Lonelybutmemorable.C.Boringandmeaningless.D.Longandunforgettable.,Example9:,6.写作目的/意图推断题,常见提问形式:,考查整篇文章:,Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto_.2.Thewriterspurposeofwritingthispassageisto_.3.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?4.Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto_.,6.写作目的/意图推断题,常见提问形式:,考查某处细节:,Thewriterusestheexampleoftoshowthat_.2.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_.3.arementionedinthefirstparagraphto_.,6.写作目的/意图推断题,常见的写作目的:,不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的,但写作目的通常有以下三种:,1.toamuse/entertainreaders(娱乐读者)2.topersuadereaderstosellaproductoraservice(说服读者接受某种观点/某样东西）3.toinformreaders(告知读者某些信息),6.写作目的/意图推断题,技巧:,这种写作目的常见于故事类的文章。,1.toamuse/entertainreaders,2.topersuadereaderstosellaproductoraservice,这种主要是通过对旅游景点报刊杂志影片电视节目等的介绍来达到写作目的:吸引更多的游客读者或订户观众或者推销产品或者服务等,6.写作目的/意图推断题,技巧:,3.toinformreaders,这种写作目的多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章。了解这类文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的正确把握，阅读时有必要找准文章的主题句，或较好地对主题加以归纳。,Peoplebelievethatclimbingcandogoodtohealth.Wherecanyoulearntheskillofclimbingthen?Ifyouthinkthatyouhavetogotothemountainstolearnhowtoclimb,yourewrong.Howdopeopleclimbthewall?Toclimb,youneedspecialshoesandharness(保护带)aroundyourchesttoholdyou.Climbingattractspeoplebecauseitsgoodexerciseforalmosteveryone.Youuseyourwholebody,especiallyyourarmsandlegs.Thissportgivesyourbodyacompleteworkout.Whenyouclimb,bothyourmindandyourbodycanbecomestronger.Q:Whydoestheauthorwritethispassage?A.Totellpeoplewheretofindgyms.B.Toprovethebasicneedforclimbing.C.Toencouragepeopletoclimbmountains.D.Tointroducethesportofwallclimbing.,Example10:,14daysfromjust2,090ppFullyinclusivefromtheUKPricecovers:Internationalairfares,departuretaxes,fuelcharges,localtransportation,accommodation,allmeals,entrancefees,guides,dailytoursandvisasforUKcitizens.Days1-3:UK-ShanghaiDay14:Beijing-UKKs5uFlybacktotheUK,arrivinghomelaterthesamedayfilledwithhappymemories.Q:Theadismainlyintendedto_.A.encouragetheBritishtotravelinChinaB.attracttheBritishtotraditionalChinesefoodC.offerserviceofbookingairticketstotouristsD.providetheBritishwithabetterunderstandingofChina,Example11:,“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.Scientistsareworkingtousethatenergytomakeelectricity.Mostwavesarecreatedwhenwindsblowacrosstheocean.“Thewindstartsoutbymakinglittleripples(涟漪),butiftheykeeponblowing,thoseripplesgetbiggerandbiggerandturnintowavesQ:Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_.A.testthereadersknowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereadersattentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylorsimportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem,Example12:,7.文章出处/来源推断题,Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom_.2.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?3.Thepassageismostlikelyapartof_.,常见提问形式:,7.文章出处/来源推断题,这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处。如:1.报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。2.广告:因其格式特殊，容易辨认。3.产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式等;而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。,解题技巧:,Example13:,Inwhichcolumnofanewspapercouldwefindthisadvertisement?A.ArtsB.SalesC.JobsD.News.,Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected”?Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.“Toreducepain,taketwotablets(药片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(缓解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askforyourdoctorsadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine”.Q:Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma_.A.textbookB.newsreelC.doctorsnotebookD.bottleofmedicine,Example14:全国,8.预测想象推断题,Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostlikely/probablytobe_.2.Thepassageisprobablyfollowedbyaparagraphabout_?3.Whatdidtheparagraphproceeding/followingthissectionlikelydealwith/talkabout/discuss?4.Whatwilltheauthortalkaboutinthenextparagraph?,常见提问形式:,有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。,8.预测想象推断题,做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。,技巧:,Weareinthecomputerage.Weoftenseecomputersatwork.Theyareespeciallyusefulinautomaticcontrol,dateprocessing(数据处理)andsolvingcomplicatedproblems.Andtheyarefindingtheirwayintothehome.Moreandcleverercomputerswillcontinuetoappear.Theywillrunfaster,havemorefunctionsandworkmoreskillfully.Theywilltakeovermoretasksfromus,helpingtochangethefaceofourworld.Somepeopleeventhinkthatsoonerorlatercomputerswillreplaceus.HoweverQ:Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelytobetalkedaboutinthethirdparagraph?A.Computerswil