《西格玛培训教材GE》PPT课件

MinitabPrimerIntroductiontoStatisticalDataAnalysisWithMinitab,Introduction,ThisprimerisdesignedtoprovideonewiththeskillsnecessarytoeffectivelyemployMinitabwithintheSixSigmaframework.Itbeginswithanintroductiontoselectedfile,datamanipulation,andhelpfunctions,followedbyaseriesofdemonstrationsrelatedtotransactionandservicequality.Thestudentisencouragedtoworkthrougheachdemonstration,followingtheleadoftheinstructor.EachdemonstrationbeginswithapagehighlightingtheMinitabfunctionsappliedinworking-throughtheexamples.ThesepagesreflectthecommandsthattheuserwouldseeonthescreenwhileusingMinitab(theheirarchicalstructureofMinitabispreserved).Itisassumedthattheuserisfamiliarwithbasicstatistics,e.g.,hypothesistestingandregressionanalysis.Acompanionprimer,entitledStatisticsPrimer-IntroductiontoStatisticsThroughGraphicalAnalysisisavailableontheWorld-Wide-Web(GECorporate)forthoserequiringareviewoffundamentalstatistics.,AugieStaglianoPittsfield,MAOctober1996,Takeaways,AfterCompletingThisTraining,YouWillBeAbleTo.ImportDataFilesPerformBasicDataManipulationTechniquesUseFunctionstoPerformCalculationsConstructandInterpretVariousGraphTypesGenerateandInterpretBasicStatisticalInformationApplyOneandTwoSampleHypothesisTestsPerformSimpleLinearRegressionApplyc2TestsandOne-WayANOVA,AnOverviewofAppliedStatisticalTechniquesStressingInterpretationofAnalyticalResults,FileCommands,HelpandManipCommands,DemonstrationOne,ChoiceofToolDependsUpontheRequirementsoftheAnalysis,Example:Receivables“Days-to-Collection”DataFile:days.xlsVariable:DaysCollectiontermsforreceivablesis60days.Paymentsareenteredintoadatacollectionsysteminthesametime-orderastheyarereceived.Characterizethisprocessanddetermineitslongtermz-valueandsigma.Also,testthattheaveragedays-to-collectionisequalto50days(BusinessTarget).,DemonstrationOne,ReceivablesProcessCharacterization,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,ReceivablesProcess-Yield&SigmaValues,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,IstheAverageDays-to-PayOnTarget?,T-TestoftheMeanTestofmu=50.00vsmu50.00VariableNMeanStDevSEMeanTP-ValueDays5063.808.451.1911.550.0000,HypothesisTestoftheMean.,BusinessTarget:50Daysa=0.05TestforMean50DaysConf.Level=95.0%,Results.,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,ChoiceofToolDependsUpontheRequirementsoftheAnalysis,DemonstrationTwo,Example:GEStockDataDataFile:price.xlsVariable:PriceDescription:thisdatasetcontainsactualdailypricedataforatimeperiodofapproximatelytwoyears.Thedataisorderedinitsoriginaltimesequence.Characterizethedataandcheckforstabilityovertime.,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,ResultsofGEStockPriceDemonstration,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,ChoiceofToolDependsUpontheRequirementsoftheAnalysis,DemonstrationThree,Example:ComparingTwoDifferentBusinessRegionsDataFile:receive.xlsVariables:region1,region2(t-test)region1,reg1$(scatterdiagram,correlation,andregression)Evaluatetherelativeperformanceofthesetwobusinessregionsusinghypothesistesting.Also,prepareascatterdiagramandregressionmodel(calculatecorrelationco-efficient)usingReg1$astheresponsevariableandRegion1asthepredictor.,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,IsThereaDifferenceintheAverageLevelofReceivablesAgesBetweenRegions1&2?,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,EstablishaRelationshipBetweenResponseandPredictorBeforeBuildingtheModel,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,FittedLinePlot.,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,ChoiceofToolDependsUpontheRequirementsoftheAnalysis,DemonstrationFour,DemonstrationFour,Example:ComparingManyDifferentBusinessRegionsDataFile:aging.xlsVariables:Country1-Country5Evaluatetherelativeperformanceoffivedifferentbusinessregionsusingboxplotsanddotplots.,BoxplotResults.,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,ChoiceofToolDependsUpontheRequirementsoftheAnalysis,DemonstrationFive,Example:InvoiceDisputesDataFile:chisq.xlsVariables:Process,Invoices,andDisputesDescription:thisdatasetcontainsthenumberofinvoicesissuedtocustomersusingsixdifferentprocesses.InvoicesisthenumberissuedandDisputesisthenumberofcustomerissuespendingproblemresolution.Determinewhethertheresultsofthistestindicateadifferenceinthesixprocesses.,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,processinvoicesdisputes1541624713352154538549156522,ResultsoftheSixTrials.,ResultsoftheChi-SquareTest.,HypothesisTestHo:(O-E)2=0Ha:(O-E)20a:0.05n:(n-1)=5DecisionRule:Ifpa,RejectHo,ExpectedcountsareprintedbelowobservedcountsinvoicesdisputesTotal154167057.1512.85247136048.9911.01352156754.7012.3045386149.8111.19549156452.2611.7465225444.099.91Total30769376ChiSq=0.174+0.775+0.081+0.359+0.134+0.595+0.205+0.911+0.203+0.902+1.419+6.313=12.071df=5,p=0.035,IstheResultSignificantatthe0.05AlphaLevel?,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,Example:ReceivablesProcessControlDataFile:days.xlsVariables:DaysDescription:Collectiontermsare60days.Paymentsareenteredintoadatacollectionsysteminthesametime-orderastheyarereceived.Determinewhetherornottheprocessisincontrolandcapableofsatisfyingtheterms.,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,ResultsofAnalysis.,IstheProcessinControlandCapable?,Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control,StatetheGoalofYourWorkIdentifytheDesiredOutputCollectthe“Right”DataDontUseData“JustBecauseItsAvailable”SelecttheTool(s)thatWillDelivertheDesiredResults,Conclusion,Avoid“OverAnalysis”.IdentifyYourNeedsUp-frontandFocusonResults,Appendices,1)SolutionstoProblemsUsingExcela)DemonstrationOneb)DemonstrationTwo2)FormulaeforCalculatingSampleSizea)AttributesTestsb)VariablesTests3)MinitabToolsandtheBreakthroughStrategy,Appendix1a-Excel,ResultsofReceivablesDemonstrationUsingExcel,GraphicalAnalysisRevealsUnusualEvents,Appendix1b-Excel,Appendix2a-AttributesSampleSize,EstimatingSampleSizeforAttributes,Example:Howlargeasamplesizeisrequiredtoestimatetheproportionofunpaidinvoiceswithamarginoferrorof+/-4%ata95%confidencelevel?,n-samplesizeZa/2-Z-valueforDesiredConfidenceLevelw-DesiredPrecisionWidthp-PopulationProportion(Use0.5ifUnknown)q-Complementofp,i.e.,(1-p),Appendix2