语言学名词解释73016

Define the following terms: 1.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 5.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6.Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 10.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 11.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 12.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 13.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 14.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 15.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 16.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 17.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, 18.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 19.Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world s languages26. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearers point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.528. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.529. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33.Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 34.inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections 35. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation. 36.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 37.free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 38.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 39.Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. 40.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. 41.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.42.Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 43.Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. 44.Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. 45.syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. 46.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 47.coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. 48.syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function. 49. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .50. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.51. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.52. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.53. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 54. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualised. 55. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience 56. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. 57. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. 58. Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 59. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones 60. homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. 61. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms. 62.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 63. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning. 64. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. 65.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 66. predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. 67. argument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence. 68. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence. 69. two-place predication :A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments. 37.pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38.Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39.utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 40.sentence meaning: The me