国际贸易术语-C组术语详解ppt课件

.,1,ThedetailedexplanationofEtermsThedetailedexplanationofFtermsThedetailedexplanationofCtermsThedetailedexplanationofDterms,.,2,Exworksmeansthesellersonlyresponsibilityistomakethegoodsavailableatthesellerspremises,i.e.factory.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforloadingthegoodsonthevehicleprovidedbythebuyerunlessotherwiseagreed.,.,3,Thebuyerbearsthefullcostsandriskinvolvedincollectingthegoodsfromtheretothedesireddestination.Exworksrepresentstheminimumobligationoftheseller.,.,4,TheEtermistheterminwhichthesellersobligationisatitsminimum:thesellerhastodonomorethanplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheagreedplaceusuallyatthesellersownpremises.,.,5,Ontheotherhand,asamatterofpracticalreality,thesellerwouldfrequentlyassistthebuyerinloadingthegoodsonthelatterscollectingvehicle.,.,6,AlthoughEXWwouldbetterreflectthisifthesellersobligationsweretobeextendedsoastoincludeloading,itwasthoughtdesirabletoretainthetraditionalprincipleofthesellersminimumobligationunderEXWsothatitmildheusedforcaseswherethesellerdoesnotwishtoassumeanyobligationwhatsoeverwithrespecttotheloadingofthegoods.,.,7,Ifthebuyerwantsthesellertodomore,thisshouldhemadeclearinthecontractofsale.返回,.,8,IntroductionFOBFASFCA,.,9,TheFtermrequirethesellertodeliverthegoodsforcarriageasinstructedbythebuyer.,.,10,ThepointatwhichthepartiesintenddeliverytooccurintheFCAtermhascauseddifficultybecauseofthewidevarietyofcircumstanceswhichmaysurroundcontractscoveredbythisterm.,.,11,Thistermhasbeendesignedtomeettherequirementsofmultimodaltransport,suchascontainerorroll-on,roll-offtrafficbytrailersandferries.,.,12,Ifnopreciseplacecanbenamedatthetimeofthecontractofsale,thepartiesshouldrefertotheplacewherethecarriershouldtakethegoodsintoitscharge.,.,13,Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromsellertobuyeratthattimeandnotattheshipsrail.,.,14,Thetermcarriermeansanypersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriagebyroad,rail,air,sea,oracombinationofmodeshasbeenmade.Whenasellerhasbeenfurnishedabilloflading,waybillorcarriersreceipt,thesellerdulyfulfillsitsobligationbypresentingsuchadocumentissuedbyacarrier.,.,15,Incoterms2000takeamountofthesealternativesbystipulatingthat,whentheplacenamedinthecontractastheplacedofdeliveryisthesellerspremises,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareloadedonthebuyerscollectingvehicleand,inothercases,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyernotunloadedfromthesellersvehicle.,.,16,It（FCA）isbasedonthesamenameprincipleasF.O.B.(freeonboard),exceptthatthesellerfulfillsitsobligationswhenthegoodsaredeliveredtothecustodyofthecarrieratthenamedplace.返回,.,17,FOBFREEONBOARD(.namedportofshipment)UnderF.O.B.thegoodsareplacedonboardtheshipbythesellerataportofshipmentnamedinthesalesagreement.,.,18,Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheshipsrail(i.e.,offthedockandplacedontheship).Thesellerpaysthecostofloadingthegoods.,.,19,ThenotionunderFOBtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrailnowadaysmayseeminappropriateinmanycases,itisneverthelessunderstoodbymerchantsandappliedinamannerwhichtakes,.,20,Unfortunately,thewordFOBisusedbysomemerchantsmerelytoindicateanypointofdeliverysuchasFOBfactory,FOBplant,FOBExsellersworksorotherinlandpointstherebyneglectingwhattheabbreviationmeans:FreeOnBoard.,.,21,ItremainsthecasethatsuchuseofFOBtendstocreateconfusionandshouldbeavoided.返回,.,22,FASFREEALONGSIDESHIP(.namedportofshipment)F.A.S.orfreealongsideshiprequiresthesellertodeliverthegoodsalongsidetheshiponthequay.,.,23,Fromthatpointon,thebuyerbearsallcostsandrisksoflossanddamagetothegoods.UnlikeF.O.B.,F.A.S.requiresthebuyertoclearthegoodsforexportandpaythecostofloadingthegoods.,.,24,ThereisanimportantchangeofFASrelatingtotheobligationtoclearthegoodsforexport,sinceitappearstobethemostcommonpracticetoputthisdutyonthesellerratherthanonthebuyer.返回,.,25,CIFCIPInsurance小结返回,.,26,Cost,InsuranceandFreightmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheshipsrailintheportofshipment.,.,27,CIFCOST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT(.namedportofdestination)CIFisCFRwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerprocuretransportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetogoods.Thesellermustcontractwiththeinsurerandpaytheinsurancepremium.,.,28,ThesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationBUTtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery，,.,29,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.However,inCIFtheselleralsohastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyersriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,.,30,Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.,.,31,Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.,.,32,TheCIFtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrail,theCIPtermshouldbeused.返回,.,33,CIPCARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO(.namedplaceofdestination)Thistermisthesameasfreight/carriagepaidto(CPT)butwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerhastoprocuretransportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,.,34,Thesellercontractswiththeinsurerandpaystheinsurancepremium.返回,.,35,TheC-termsrequirethesellertocontractforcarriageonusualtermsathisownexpense.Therefore,apointuptowhichhewouldhavetopaytransportcostsmustnecessarilybeindicatedaftertherespectiveC-term.,.,36,UndertheCIFandCIPtermstheselleralsohastotakeoutinsuranceandbeartheinsurancecost.Sincethepointforthedivisionofcostsisfixedatapointinthecountryofdestination,theC-termsarefrequentlymistakenlybelievedtobearrivalcontracts,inwhichthesellerwouldbearallrisksandcostsuntilthegoodshaveactuallyarrivedattheagreedpoint.,.,37,However,itmustbestressedthattheC-termsareofthesamenatureastheF-termsinthatthesellerfulfilsthecontractinthecountryofshipmentordispatch.,.,38,Thus,thecontractsofsaleundertheC-terms,likethecontractsundertheF-terms,fallwithinthecategoryofshipmentcontracts.,.,39,Itisinthenatureofshipmentcontractsthat,whilethesellerisboundtopaythenormaltransportcostforthecarriageofthegoodsbyausualrouteandinacustomarymannertotheagreedplace,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasadditionalcostsresultingfromeventsoccurringafterthegoodshavingbeenappropriatelydeliveredforcarriage,falluponthebuyer.,.,40,ItisoftheveryessenceoftheC-termsthatthesellerisrelievedofanyfurtherriskandcostafterhehasdulyfulfilledhiscontractbycontractingforcarriageandhandingoverthegoodstothecarrierandbyprovidingforinsuranceundertheCIF-andCIP-terms。,.,41,Theessentialnatureofthe“C”-termsasshipmentcontractsisalsoillustratedbythecommonuseofdocumentarycreditsasthepreferredmodeofpaymentusedinsuchterms.Whereitisagreedbythepartiestothesalecontractthatthesellerwillbepaidbypresentingtheagreedshippingdocumentstoabankunderadocumentarycredit,.,42,Ofcourse,thesellerwouldhavetobearthecostofthecontractofcarriageirrespectiveofwhetherfreightispre-paiduponshipmentorispayableatdestination(freightcollect);,.,43,however,additionalcostswhichmayresultfromeventsoccurringsubsequenttoshipmentanddispatcharenecessarilyfortheaccountofthebuyer.,.,44,Ithappensquiteoftenthatthepartiestothecontractofsalewishtoclarifytheextenttowhichthesellershouldprocureacontractofcarriageincludingthecostsofdischarge.Since,.,45,suchcostsarenormallycoveredbythefreightwhenthegoodsarecarriedbyregularshippinglines,thecontractofsalewillfrequentlystipulatethatthegoodsaretobesocarriedoratleastthattheyaretobecarriedunderlinerterms.,.,46,Inothercases,thewordlandedisaddedafterCFRorCIF.However,itisadvisablenottouseabbreviationsaddedtotheC-termsunless,intherelevanttrade,themeaningoftheabbreviationsisclearlyunderstoodandacceptedbythecontractingpartiesorunderanyapplicablelaworcustomofthetrade.,.,47,Inparticular,thesellershouldnotandindeedcouldnot,withoutchangingtheverynatureoftheC-terms-undertakeanyobligationwithrespecttothearrivalofthegoodsatdestination,.,48,sincetheriskofanydelayduringthecarriageisbornebythebuyer.Thus,anyobligationwithrespecttotimemustnecessarilyrefertotheplaceofshipmentordispatch,.,49,Forexample,shipment(dispatch)notlaterthan.Anagreementforexample,CFRHamburgnotlaterthan.isreallyamisnomerandthusopentodifferentpossibleinterpretations.,.,50,ThepartiescouldbetakentohavemeanteitherthatthegoodsmustactuallyarriveatHamburgatthespecifieddate,inwhichcasethecontractisnotashipmentcontractbutanarrivalcontractor,alternatively,thatthesellermustshipthegoodsatsuchatimethattheywouldnormallyarriveatHamburgbeforethespecifieddateunlessthecarriagewouldhavebeendelayedbecauseofunforeseenevents,.,51,Inpractice,thepartiesfrequentlycontinuetousethetraditionalexpressionC&F(orCandF,C+F).Nevertheless,inmostcasesitwouldappearthattheyregardtheseexpressionsasequivalenttoCFR.,.,52,AlthoughtheIncotermsseektoensurethatthesellerprovidesthebuyerwithproofofdelivery,itshouldbestressedthatthesellerfulfilsthatrequirementwhenheprovidestheusualproof.,.,53,UnderCPTandCIPitwouldbetheusualtransportdocumentandunderCFRandCIFabillofladingoraseawaybill.,.,54,Thetransportdocumentsmustbeclean,meaningthattheymustnotcontainclausesornotationsexpresslydeclaringadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.Ifsuchclausesornotationsappearinthedocument,itisregardedasuncleanandwouldthennotbeacceptedbybanksindocumentarycredittransactions.,.,55,However,itshouldbenotedthatatransportdocumentevenwithoutsuchclausesornotationswouldusuallynotprovidethebuyerwithincontrovertibleproofasagainstthecarrierthatthegoodswereshippedinconformitywiththestipulationsofthecontractofsale.,.,56,InordertoavoiddifficultiesofinterpretingtheircontractthepartiesshouldusethecorrectIncotermwhichisCFR,theonlyworld-wide-acceptedstandardabbreviationforthetermCostandFreight(.namedportofdestination)“返回,.,57,insurance,Thereareonlytwotermswhichdealwithinsurance,namelyCIFandCIP.Underthesetermsthesellerisobligedtoprocureinsuranceforthebenefitofthebuyer.,.,58,SinceinthesaleofcommoditiesundertheCIFtermthebuyermaywishtosellthegoodsintransittoasubsequentbuyerwhointurnmaywishtoresellthegoodsagain,itisimpossibletoknowtheinsurancecoversuitabletosuchsubsequentbuyersand,therefore,theminimumcoverunderCIFhastraditionallybeenchosenwiththepossibilityforthebuyertorequirethesellertotakeoutadditionalinsurance.,.,59,ItisparticularlyimportantfortheCIP-buyertoobservethis:shouldadditionalcoverberequired,heshouldagreewiththesellerthatthelattercouldtakeoutadditionalinsuranceor,alternatively,arrangeforextendedinsurancecoverhimself.,.,60,Therearealsoparticularinstanceswherethebuyermaywishtoobtainevenmoreprotectionthanisavailable,.,61,Ifhewishesthesellertoarrangesuchinsurancehemustinstructhimaccordinglyinwhichcasethesellerwouldhavetoprovidesuchinsuranceifprocurable.返回,.,62,DtermsIntroductionsDAFDESDEQDDUDDP小结返回,.,63,TheDtermsaredifferentinnaturefromtheCterms,sincetheselleraccordingtotheDtermsisresponsibleforthearrivalofthegoodsattheagreedplaceorpointofdestinationattheborderorwithinthecountryofimport.,.,64,Thesellermustbearallrisksandcostsinbringingthegoodsthereto.Hence,theDtermssignifyarrivalcontracts,whiletheCtermsevidencedeparture(shipment)contracts.返回,.,65,DAFDELIVEREDATFRONTIER(.namedplace)Deliveredatfrontiermeansthatthesellersobligationsarefulfilledwhenthegoodshavearrivedatthefrontierbutbeforethecustomsborderofthecountrynamedinthesalescontract.,.,66,Thetermisprimarilyusedwhengoodsarecarriedbyrailortruck.Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskindeliveringthegoodsuptothispoint,butthebuyermustarrangeandpayforthegoodstoclearcustoms.返回,.,67,DESDELIVEREDEXSHIP(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellershallmakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronboardtheshipattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,.,68,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthere.Thecostofunloadingthegoodsandanycustomsdutiesmustbepaidbythebuyer.返回,.,69,DEQDELIVEREDEXQUAY(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellerhasagreedtomakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronthequayorwharfattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,.,70,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandrisksindeliveringthegoodstothatpointincludingunloading.返回,.,71,DDUDELIVEREDDUTYUNPAID(.namedplaceo