1zhongxiwenhua.ppt

CommunicatingAcrossCulturesAGuideforTeachers,HowtoincludeculturelearninginEnglishlanguageclasses,LinellDavisJanuary2005,Whatdowemeanbyculture?,ChinesespeakersoftenmeancharacteristicsofChinesepeopleascomparedtocharacteristicsofpeoplefromothernationsKnowledgeaboutcultureisoftenexpressedasgeneralizationsTheEnglishareconservativeAmericansareindividualisticTheFrenchareromanticNationalculturePersonaltraitsofpeoplefromthatnation,Moremeaningsofculture,WayoflifeofanygroupRegionalculture-north/south,rural/urbanReligiousculture-Christian,Buddhist,MoslemEthnicculture-Han,Hui,Tibetan,XinjiangGenderculture-male/femaleEconomicclassculture-farmer/intellectual/businessGenerationalculture-youth/middleage/elderlyOrganizationalcultureschools,education,“WayofLife”definitionofculture,AssumesthatpeoplewithsimilarlifeexperiencesshareVALUES.Theyseetheworldinsimilarways.MembersofimportantgroupsshareMEANINGS.Theycanunderstandoneanothermoreeasilythantheycanunderstandpeoplefromothergroups.Groupmembershipisoftenmoreimportantthannationalculture.,WhatdoIknowabouttheNBA?,NothingatallIamfemaleandIamoldTheNBAisAmericanandIamanAmericanItisanexperiencesharedbymalemembersoftheinternationalyouthcultureIamnotamemberofthatcultureSo,dontassumethatnationalcultureistheonlyorbestlevelofanalysis,WhatdoIknowaboutteaching?,Alot;itismylove,mycraft,mylifeIsharemanyexperienceswithotherteachersItdoesntmatterwhethertheyareAmericansorChineseWecancommunicateaboutteaching,learning,schools,students,etc.WeshareanacademicoreducationalcultureDifferencesinnationalculturearenotnecessarilysignificantbarrierstocommunication,DoIknowhowtousechopsticks?,Ofcourse,Ido.Whydopeoplekeepaskingmethatquestion?BecauseChineseusechopsticksandAmericansuseknivesandforks,andIamanAmericanTheyassumethatIamdifferentfromthemineverywaybecauseIamawaiguorenLookforsimilarities,notjustdifferencesWhenyoumeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,youlookforwhatyouhaveincommonwiththatperson.,HowdoAmericanscelebrateChristmas?,Inmanydifferentways,somenotatallEthnicculturesItalian/Swedish/German/HispanicReligiousculturesChristian/Jewish/secularRegionalculturessouth/north,eastcoast/westcoastPeopleoftenaskmequestionsaboutAmericansTheyassumeallAmericansarealikeTheywantmetogivethemageneralizationGeneralizationsaboutnationalculturescausemanymisunderstandingsincommunication,DoallAmericanssleeplate?,AChinesefriendinvitedmetogotoaparktodomorningexercisesBUTallalongthewayshecomplainedaboutthetraffic.IaskedWhydoyoudoitifitissounpleasant?HeranswerYouareanAmerican,soIdidntthinkyouwouldwanttogoasearlyasIusuallygo.Iamanearly-riser.Nationalcultureisnotagoodpredictorofmostpersonalhabits.,AreAmericansmoreindividualisticthanChinese?,Theconventionalopinionisyes,theyare.Thereissometruthtoit,butitisanoversimplification.ThisideaaloneisnotausefulguidetopredictingthepreferencesorbehaviorofAmericans.ChineseeducationalcultureismuchmoreindividualisticthanAmericaneducationalculture.Americanteacherscollaboratemore.Studentsdomoregroupwork.,IfyouuseAmericanindividualismtopredictwhatAmericansprefer,youwillmakemanymistakes,IninternationalcompetitionAmericansexcelatteamsportswhileChineseexcelatindividualsports.Americansareconstantlyforminggroupsandjoininggroupstomeetavarietyofpersonalandprofessionalgoals.Typically,AmericansparticipateingroupsverydifferentlyfromthewayChinesepeopledo.,Payattentiontoprocessesratherthantraits,Howdopeoplecarryonafriendship?Howdotheyteach;howdotheylearn?Howdotheyshowrespect?Howdotheyexpressdisagreement?Howdotheyapologize?Howdotheyhandlerelationshipswithpeopleofhigherorlowerstatusthanthemselves?Howdotheyparticipateinworkgroups?,ICC-Interculturalcommunicationcompetence,KnowledgeofsocialgroupsinyourowncountryandothercountriesAttitudeofopennessaboutotherculturesandpeopleAbilitytogainnewknowledgeandtoactonthatknowledgeKnowledgeofprocessesandabilitytousethatknowledgeHowtocommunicatenotjusthowtospeakthetargetlanguageMeeting,greeting,startingaconversationExpressingagreementanddisagreementAskingforinformationWorkingwithothers,Then,howdoweteachculture?Threeapproachesareused:,Big“C”CultureImportantpeople,works,eventsMarkTwain,BillGates,“Ihaveadream”speech,WarofIndependence,CivilWarLittle“c”cultureDailylife,holidays,customsCulturalawarenessCulture-generalratherthanculture-specific,Trythesetwoapproaches,CulturalawarenessTheclassroomasaculturalsceneStretching,expanding,destabilizingtheculturallyprescribedwaysofteachingandlearning“Whenabutterflyflapsitswingsinthenorth,itproducesatyphooninthesouth.”Itmeansdoingsmallthingscanhavebigeffects,Culturalawareness,SensitivitytoPeopleSituationsSimilaritiesanddifferencesExpandingtheconceptofculturebeyondtheideaofnationalcultureWorkingonproblemsofgeneralizationandprejudiceBuildingonwhatstudentsalreadyknowabouthowtocommunicate,Englishisagloballanguage,PeopleinmanycountrieslearnEnglish.DontlimitculturelearningtothestudyofcountrieswhereEnglishisanativelanguage.Englishcanbeusedtolearnaboutmanydifferentculturesandaboutcultureingeneral.ItislikelythatinthefutureyourstudentswillbecommunicatingwithspeakersofEnglishasasecondorforeignlanguage.Theyareparticipantsintheemergingglobalculture.Soareyou!,Culturelearningbeginswithawarenessofthehomeculture,Howdidyou/yourfamilycometoShenzhen?Howdoesyourfamilyentertainguests?Whatwaslifelikeforyourgrandparentswhentheywereyourage?Tellaboutanexperienceinwhichsomeonejudgedyoubasedonasinglecharacteristic.Tellaboutanexperienceinwhichyoucommunicatedwithsomeonedifferentfromyou.,Yourclassisfullofculturaldiversity,AmicrocosmofourglobalvillageThroughtheseactivitiesyouteachhowtodealwithdifferencesRespectdifferences,appreciatethemandlearnfromthemLookforsimilaritiesasabasisforbuildingrelationshipsNoticethattheselearningactivitiesareinductiveandstudent-centered.Usingthemyouaredoingculture,notjustlearningaboutaspecificcultureYouaremodelingsocialpracticesfromtheglobalculture.,Bringnewexperiencesintotheclassroom,Lookattheorganizationalcultureoftheschoolandtheclassroom.Takestepstostretchthatculturealittletomoveitclosertothewaysofthetargetculture.Thisisthebestwaytoteachculture.Itisthewayforyouandyourstudentstogaininterculturalcompetence.,Similaritiesinclassroomcultures,StudentsstudysimilarsubjectsTheyusuallyliveathomeandattendschoolfivedaysaweekTheyhavehomework;theytakeexamsTheyaresensitivetotheapproval/disapprovaloftheirteachersandclassmatesFromtheclassroomculturetheyarelearninghowtoparticipateinthelargerculture,Differencesinclassroomcultures,AmericanChinese,Relationshipsbasedonhierarchy,Theteacherisatthetopofthehierarchy,theleaderoftheclassRelationshipsbetweenteacherandstudentssomewhatdistantbecausestudentsowerespectandobedienceRelationshipsarereciprocalorcomplementaryThepatternisoneofmutualdependence,Respect,serviceandobedience,Direction,careandprotection,Communicationflow,Theclassroomleader,theteacher,belongstootherhierarchies.Teacherowesrespect,serviceandobediencetothoseaboveCommunicationflowsfromthetopdownTeacherscommunicatewithonestudentatatimeorwiththegroupasawholeStudentscancommunicatefreelywitheachotherunlesstheyarecompetingfortheapprovaloftheleader.,Teacher-StudentInteraction,TeachersarelikelytogiveverypreciseinstructionsThestudentsjobistoproducethecorrectanswerThisprocessisendlesslyrepeatedandelaboratedItproducestheexaminationsystem,WhatamIsupposedtodo?IhopeIdontmakeamistake,IbettertellthemexactlywhattodoIdontwantanymistakes,Bringthenewclosetothefamiliar,Developyourinterculturalcompetencebystretchingthesystemalittle.Introduceactivitiesinwhichstudentslearninductivelyculturalawarenessactivities.Encouragestudentinquiry.Encouragethemtoaskquestionsthatdonothavedefiniteorfixedanswers.,Westernstylegroups,ShorttermtimelimitedgrouplearningprojectsBelongtomanygroupsclassesandavarietyofextra-curriculargroupssuchassportsteamsandmusicgroupsLessemotionallyinvolvedineachgroupPreferequalrelationshipsteacherisnotassociallydistant,notaselevatedinstatusTheteacherismorelikethecoachofateam,Recreationgroups,Groupidentityandpersonalidentityareseparate,IntheWestgroupshavelessinfluenceovertheindividualsbehaviorThepersonformsandbreakstieseasilyThepersonlooksforgroupsthatareusefulinachievingpersonalgoals,Professionalgroups,Communitygroups,Workgroups,person,Groupleadershipisdispersed,VariousmemberstakeleadershiprolesLeaderswintheirrolesbyconvincingmembersoftheireffectivenessMembersexpecttocontributeindifferentwaystothegroupTheirrewardswillbedifferenttoo.,Formalleader,Processleader,Resourceleader,Taskleader,Emotionalleader,Memberscooperateandcompete,Membersmaycompetewithoneanotherforrecognition,leadership,allies,etc.TheyalsocooperatewithinthegroupandoutsidethegroupLinkingthegroupwithothergroupsisanessentialfunctionThegroupboundaryisrelativelyopenThesecomplexpatternsofcompetitionandcooperationaremadeorderlybyrulesofprocesscalled“fairplayrules”,Examplesoffairplayrules,EveryoneshouldhaveanequalopportunitytoparticipatenooneshoulddominateorbeleftoutDecision-makingissharednottheexclusiveresponsibilityoftheleaderwhetherthatistheteacheroranyothermemberMembersshouldgivehonestfeedbackstudentsfreelysaywhattheylikeanddontlike;theymakesuggestionsEveryoneshouldfocusonthetaskathandSometasksareindividual;othersarecompletedbythegroupKnowthedifferenceanddontcheatTheseprocessrulesareoftenmoreimportantthanreachingaspecificoutcome,Personalmotivationiscritical,Becausegroupmembershipisvoluntary,membersmustbemotivatedtodevoteenergytothegroupIfapersonmustbeinagroup,itisstillnecessarytobuildmotivationtocreateenergyforthegroupsworkChineseclassroomgroupsdependmoreonextrinsicmotivationpassingexams,IfIdoagreatjobIllmoveupintheorganization,Ilikeworkingwiththepeopleinthisgroup,Icanlearnsomenewskillsfromthisgroup,Ireallybelieveinthepurposeofthisgroup,Mygoalsarethesameasthegroupsgoals,Comparinggroupbehaviors,Westernlittledifferencebetweeningroupandoutgroupbehaviorslessassociativewithingroups;lesshostiletooutgroupsinformalanddirectinsensitivetohierarchicalrelationsamongmembers,Chinesegreatdifferencebetweeningroupandoutgroupbehaviorsmoreassociativewithingroups;morehostiletooutgroupsmaybemotivatedbyloyaltytoingroupsexpectallmemberstoberewardedequally,Questionsforteacherswhowanttostretchtheclassroomculture,Whatmotivatesmeandothers?DoIrespondtoextrinsicorintrinsicmotivation?WhatrolesdoIplayinthegroupsIparticipatein?Adirectiveleaderinsomeandpassivefollowerinothers?Whatbehaviors/attitude