现代英语词汇学概论chapter2ppt课件

.,1,MORPHOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFENGLISHWORDS,ChapterTwo,1,.,2,Content,2.1Morphemes2.2Allomorphs2.3Classificationsofmorphemes,2,.,3,MorphologicalstructureofthewordTheinternalstructuralofwordsandrulebywhichwordsareformed.Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintosmallermeaningfulunits.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.,3,.,4,2.1Morphemes,Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Themorphemedenotesthesmallestunitsortheminimumdistinctivefeatureofsomeclassofthings.Amorphemeisalsotwo-facetlanguageunitwhichpossessesbothsoundandmeaning.Onemorpheme:nationTwomorphemes:nation-alThreemorphemes:nation-al-izeFourmorphemes:de-nation-al-ize,4,.,5,Anallomorph(词/语素变体)anyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Differentformsofthesamemorpheme.(Anallomorphisoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments.)caps,classes:-s(plural)-ion,-tion,-ation,-sionpositionalallomorphsofthesamesuffix动词过去时态变化ed,-ied,2.2Allomorphs,5,.,6,2.3Classificationsofmorphemes,Ingeneral,therearetwomaintypesofclassificationofmorphemesFreemorphemesandboundmorphemesRootsandaffixes,6,.,7,2.3.1Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes,FreemorphemesAfreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,i.e.,freeroots(自由词根).Afreemorphemeisaword,intraditionalsense.E.g.:earth,wind,boy,bite,etc,7,.,8,BoundmorphemesAboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.Inflectionalelementsandaffixesareboundmorphemes.theyhaveattachedmeaning(un-kind,hope-ful)orgrammaticalmeaning(cat-s,slow-ly,walk-ing,call-ed).Theyarealsocalledgrammaticalmorphemes.,8,.,9,2.3.2Rootsandaffixes,Roots,i.e.,rootmorphemesArootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.work,workable,worker,worked,andworkingRootsareeitherfreeorboundFreeroots:InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasboy,walketc.Freeroots,justlikesimplewords,belongtothebasicword-stock.Boundroots:Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,especiallyfromGreekandLatin,belongtotheclassofboundmorphemes,suchastaininwordslikecontain,detain,9,.,10,Aroot,whetheritisfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.E.g.:revivevitalvitaminvivaciousvivideachconsistsoftheLatinrootvit-orviv-,meaning“life”or“tolive.”E.g.:contradict,predict,dictate,diction,dictionarydict-conveysthemeaningofsayorspeak-Aknowledgeofrootscanhelponetoanalyzeandunderstandmanywordsalmostonsight.KnowingthemeaningoftheserootscanhelpclarifythemeaningofmanyEnglishwords.,10,.,11,Affixes,Affixisa“collectivetermfortypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.”Affixes,therefore,areconsideredboundmorphemes.Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes,affixesmaybedividedintoinflectional(曲折词缀)andderivational(派生词缀)types.,11,.,12,InflectionalaffixesAffixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Forexample:cats,walked,walking,JohnsbookAninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.,12,.,13,DerivationalaffixesAffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Theycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixes(前缀)Suffixes(后缀)Derivationalaffixeshavenotonlyindependentlexicalmeaningbutalsoaffectivemeaning.,13,.,14,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedonthemorphemiclevel:(1)simplewords:asinglemorpheme(2)derivedwords:resultofaderivationalprocess,consistingofafreemorphemeandone(ormorethanone)boundmorpheme,e.g.,fruitless(3)compoundwords:thosewhicharecomposedoftwoormorefreemorphemes,14,Diagramofmorphemes,.,15,SUMMARY,MorphemeAllomorphsClassificationofmorphemesFreeorboundRootoraffixesClassificationofwordsonthem