兽医生理学第一讲代谢(metabolism)与生物能量学(ppt课件

.,1,.,2,獸醫生理學第一講代謝(metabolism)與生物能量學(bioenergics)(參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中)pp.99-102)Definitionsofthemetabolism/internalrespiration1.Theutilizationofnutrientsbythecell,consistingessentiallyofoxidationofcarboncompoundstocarbondioxideandwaterwiththereleaseofENERGY.-Thisisnotlikeburningbutisslow,controlled,stepwiseprocess.Oxidationnotonlyincludestheadditionofoxygenbutalsoreferstotheremovalofhydrogen/electrons.,.,3,2.Metabolismreferstothesumofthebiochemicalreactionsoccurringineachcell.Thosereactionsthatbuildandmaintainthebodythroughenergyformationarecalledanabolic(1)andthosereactionsthatreleaseenergybythebreakdownofsubstancesarecalledcatabolic(2).(1)Theanimalsobtainthisenergydirectlyiftheyareherbivorous,orindirectlyiftheyarecarnivorous.(2)Thisenergyistemporarilystoredintheformofso-calledhighenergybonds,whichlinkphosphorusandoxygenatomsinadenosinetriphosphate(ATP).,.,4,一。NutritionandGrowth,經由代謝的程序，將取得的營養轉化為生長所需。(一)能量：能的釋放可用以產生或維持滲透性、電性或化學性梯度(gradient或濃度concentration)，或用以形成新的化學鍵；能的產生則源自相關細胞內有機化合物的鍵裂(breakingofbonds)，(見二。)(二)生長：使動物存活(alive)且維持其生產(production)正性平衡：repletionstorage-growthhypertrophy(負性平衡)(cell)hyperplasia,.,5,一。NutritionandGrowth(continue),(三)代謝運轉：能量平衡能量的命運：熱(附加熱、燃燒熱)、化學能能量的測定：直接測熱法間接測熱法-測定氧的利用(呼吸商R.Q.),.,6,二。Furtherexplanationoftherelationshipofcellandenergy1.Cellcanobtaintheenergy(1)能量非源自創造，而是由一種chemicals移轉為另一種currency。(2)它的最佳受質(substrate)是glucose與fattyacid它們並不是被用來製成ATP，而是在涉及之化學反應中，將ADP轉化為ATP，最後再將能量移轉出來。2.Cellcanstoretheenergy(1)ATP是一個高堤勢(highbankbalance)：可直接釋出能量(2)ADP是一個低堤勢(lowbankbalance)：必需先加高(賦予能量)成為ATP之後，才能作出進一步之釋能行為。,.,7,二。Furtherexplanationoftherelationshipofcellandenergy(continue)3.LinkagereactionofmuscleconstrictionandrestorationATPADP+H3PO4+Energy立即使用CPcreatine+H3PO4+Energy與ADP再合成ATP之用Glycogenlacticacid+Energy與creatine及H3PO4合成(anaerobicglycolysis)CP之用1/5Lacticacid+O2H2O+CO2+Energy(使其餘4/5乳酸再合成glycogen之用),.,8,思考區間(thinkingcompartment)(1)就chemicalenergy(metabolicfuel)中之各類受質相對於現實社會中之流通物品進行概念配對：aminoacid/ATP/CHO(glycogen)/CP/fattyacid/glucosecash/check(cheque)/creditcard/passbook(deposit)(2)Brainmetabolism(BBB)glucose/aminoacid(gluconeogenesis),.,9,三。TheBasalmetabolismanditsrelatedideas,(一)基底代謝：動物處於清醒而靜止狀態，所釋放的能量來自動物本身組織的分解代謝。基底代謝率(BMR/hr.)：牛(500kg；6.7m2)6600仟卡，即約40Kcal/hr/m2豬(100kg；2.2m2)2000仟卡，即約38Kcal/hr/m2羊(40kg；1.2m2)1000仟卡，即約34Kcal/hr/m2(二)禁食代謝：測定於甲烷值最低之時(呼吸商0.71),.,10,三。TheBasalmetabolismanditsrelatedideas(continue),(三)影響基底代謝的因素體型大小體表面積法則(surfacelaw)：Q=70W3/4/103(基底代謝Es=4.1W3/4)品種年齡懷孕身體組成分(bodycomposition),.,11,四。FurtherexplanationoftheBasalmetabolismanditsrelatedideas1.體型大的動物較不易被環境控制：體型愈大，單位體積之表面積愈小，而經由表面被環境影響的程度也愈小。2.體型大的動物較耐乾旱：由體表流失的水分相對減少。3.體型大的動物較耐肌飢餓：以平均體重的能量消耗而言，體型大者的消耗較小。,.,12,四。FurtherexplanationoftheBasalmetabolismanditsrelatedideas(continue)4.體型大小與能量消耗Es=4.1W3/4(變溫動物為0.14W3/4)Es代表基礎代謝量(單位是瓦特)，W代表體重(單位公斤)若體積增加成2倍，能量消耗為1.68倍100倍32倍10,000倍1,000倍,.,13,思考區間(thinkingcompartment)(1)就大象(假設體重4ton)與小鼠(40g)進行比較重量比：100,000/1能量消耗比：？(2)平均體重的耗氧量=個體的耗氧量/體重=4.1W3/4/W1=4.1W-1/4當體重增加時，氧消耗如何？,.,14,五。Theconnectionexistedbetweentheendocrinesystemandmetabolism1.管制能量代謝(energymetabolism)包括：Insulin,Glucagon,Cortisol,Epinephrine,Thyroidhormone2.管制礦質代謝(mineralmetabolism)包括：Parathyroidhormone,calcitonin,Angiotensin,Renin3.管制生長(growth)包括：Growthhormone,Thyroidhormone,Insulin,Estrogen,Androgen,manyGrowthFactors,.,15,六。ClinicalReview1.KetosisCHO_I_IllaceticacidbutyricacidpropionicacidI_IIIoxaloacetateactivatedacetateIglucoseIIIIfatenergysourceketonebodieslactose(glucose(oxaloacetate(oxaloacetatemetabolism)+TCAcycle)deficiency)-hydroxybutyricacid,acetoacetate,acetone.,.,16,六。ClinicalReview(continue),2.Milkfever3.Grasstetany4.Hepaticlipidosisbileacidsinblood,.,17,第二講溫度調節(temperatureregulation)(參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中)pp.102-103)一。AnimalsandTemperatureRegulation1.Basedontherelationshipsofbodytemperature-environmenttemp.(1)warmblooded(homeothermicorendothermic)animals：aconstantinternalthermalmilieuDormancy(importantterm)a.Sleepb.Torpor.c.Hibernationd.Wintersleepe.Estivation(2)coldblooded(poikiothermicorectothermic)animals：controlledbyoutsidesourcesofheatandcold(behaviouralactionregulatorycapability),.,18,2.Physicalmechanismofwarmbloodedanimals(macroview)(1)storedheat：Q=C(specificheat)xM(mass)xT(temperaturechange)(2)complicatedinterface：skinanditscirculationinsulator”(3)heattransfer(ambientair)bythemethods(types)of：ConductionbetweentwomediainclosecontactConvectionheattransfertomovingairorwaterRadiationthedifferenceintemperaturebetweentwoobjectsEvaporationdependsontherelativehumidity,.,19,3.Factorsofphysiologicalcontrols(microview)(1)compartments：brain,skin,bodycore(malescrotum)(2)skinblood-flow：subpapillaryvenousplexuses/arteriovenousanastomoses/sympatheticchain(3)counter-current(heat)exchangea.warmarterialblood(core)coolvenousblood(extremities)b.thermalgradient(extremitiesenvironment)(4)arterialretes(carotidrete)(5)hormones(responsetothermalstress)：a.ACTHcortisol：acclimationresponseb.TSHthyroxin：acclimatizationresponsec.ADH,.,20,4.Others(1)sweating：apocrinegland(sheep)(2)panting：open-mouthmechanism(dog)(3)salivation(panting)：(tongue)exposedwetsurfacearea(4)shivering：musclehypertonia(hyperactivity)(5)piloerection(horripilation)：arrectorespilorum(6)behaviourmechanism：heatexchange,.,21,(5)The(clinicalcontrol)processesthatinfluencetherateofbodyheatproductionare：a.autonomicchange(mechanism)：increasedrespiration,shiveringb.behaviouralchange(mechanism)：foodintake,lethargiac.endocrinechange(mechanism)：thyroidhormone,epinephrined.somaticchange(mechanism):vasodilatation/vasoconstrictionc.+d.=adaptivemechanism,.,22,三。ClinicalReview1.Hypothermia(1)surgeryprolongedarrestofcirculationbloodextracorporealheatexchanger(2)exposedtocoldenvironment2.Hyperthermia(1)trauma/infectionpyrogen(hypothalamus)setpointincreaseintenseheatloss(2)malignanthyperpyrexiaanesthesiamusclehypertonia(3)exposedtohotenvironment,.,23,第三講體液(bodyfluid)(參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中)pp.115-121)一。FluidCompartments(一)Dracellularfluid(ICF)(70%)2.blood-plasma(7-8%)3.interstitialfluid(ISF)/lymph(20%)4.transcellularfluid(2-3%)AspecialformofECFraocular,cerebrospinal,synovial,peritoneal,pleuralfluids.,.,24,(二)Compositions,Typicalconc.ofmajorions(mEq/L)inthreefluidcompartmentsCaClHCO3-KMgNaHPO4=ProteinPlasma51052753155217ECF3110294.521501ICF0.251015028810065,.,25,二。Gibbs-DonnanEquilibrium(unstableequilibrium),compartment1|compartment2(5mole)|(10mole)Na+|Na+P-|Cl-1.AccordingtoGibbs-DonnanRule：Na1xCl1=Na2xCl2,if：Cl1=X,thenNa1=C1+Xand：(C1+X)X=(C2X)(C2X),X=10 x10/5+(2x10)=4so：Na1=9,Cl1=4,Na2=Cl2=6.2.followtheElectroneutrality3.followtheConcentrationGradientOsmoticPressureGradientLifegoeson!Stabilitycanbeachievedby：rigidwalls/hydrostatic(pressure)forces/activetransportmechanism,.,26,三。Fluidbalance(plasma/tissue)1.hydrostaticpressure：bloodpressure(BP)/fluidpressure(FP)2.colloidosmoticpressure(COP)3.arterialend/venousend4.filtrationpressure(a)/reabsorptionpressure(b)e.g.(dog)ARTERIALENDVENOUSEND_COP25mmHg25mmHg(Blood)BP32mmHg12mmHg_COP10mmHg10mmHg(ISF)FP5mmHg5mmHg_,.,27,四。Regulationofacid-basebalance,1.BufferAsubstancewhichhastheabilitytobindorreleaseHinsolution,thusmaintainingthepHofasolutionrelativelyconstantdespitetheadditionofconsiderablequantitiesofacidorbase.IntheRBC：HborHbO2/HHborHHbO2Intheplasma：proteinorHCO3/HproteinorHHCO32.TheeffectsofkidneyandlungonpHregulation(參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中)p.121),.,28,五。ClinicalReview1.臨床脫水病例治療之考量(1)脫水之程度減輕之體重失去之水分：下痢後之體液量(2)正常總Na量與下痢後之總Na量：估算損失之Na量(3)下痢前後之Na差值估算ECF量與ICF量：估算兩者之損失量治療設計(mEq/L)NaKCaClHCO3lactatedRingerssoln.1304310928multisol-Ringerssoln.1405098500.9%saline154001540plasma-LyteA140509650,.,29,五。ClinicalReview2.Edema(causedbyIncreasedVenousPressure),VenousPressureCapillaryHydrostaticPressureFiltrationInterstitialFluidVolume(edema)InterstitialFluidPressureLymphFlowInterstitialProteinConcentration,.,30,第四講消化道生理學(UpperAlimentaryTract)(參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中)pp.23-43)一。內容：(一)採食(prehension)1.目的(purpose)：energyproduced2.選擇條件(selectivegrazingconditions)：period(safety)site(leaf/stem；green/dry；specialcontent)sense(sight,touch,taste,smell)：signals(chemical/vibration)ex.molecularconcentration(specificchemicalformchemicalnoise)relativeintensity:thenumberofmoleculesreceivedthenumberofappropriatereceptors：totalnumberofreceptorstheratioofbittertosweettastereceptors,.,31,(一)採食(prehension)(continue)3.影響因素(influencingfactors)：macro-view：體溫與生理活動(日常生活環境與型式)基本體能(懷孕、泌乳、生長)體內脂肪與肝醣等能貯存量(取耗、遺傳)regulatorymechanisms：生物統計的調節能的取耗調配(短期性-肌肉、體熱)修正取耗發生偏差的調配(貯存、提取)micro-view：環境溫度遺傳特質運動狀態特殊需要食物含能狀況相處下的社會關係疾病或營養4.調節中樞：進食中樞位於下視丘側方與乳頭狀體後方,.,32,(一)採食(prehension)(continue),4.方法唇(馬、豬、羊)、齒(貓、犬、馬)、舌(牛、羊、貓)為主另以前肢(貓、犬)或鼻口部(snout豬)輔助飲水方式：草食獸為吸吮式(suction)肉食獸為舔吸式(licking),.,33,(一)採食(prehension)(continue),5.咀嚼(mastication)(involuntarymotorcontrol)草食獸以磨碎(crushingandgrinding)為主：執行動作的肌肉主要是咬肌(masseter下顎冠狀突)，翼狀肌(pterygoidmuscle)為輔，配合前臼齒與臼齒(切齒)。肉食獸以撕裂(shearing)為主：執行動作的肌肉主要是顳肌(temporalmuscle)，咬肌為輔，配合切齒、前臼齒及臼齒(切斷與壓碎骨骼)。,.,34,(一)採食(prehension)(continue),6.吞嚥(deglutition)反射動作可分為三期，參與神經為：輸入神經：舌咽、三叉輸出神經：第一期為舌下、舌咽；第二期為舌咽、迷走；第三期為迷走。相關重要動作：預防食團誤入喉部(聲門關閉)：聲(帶)肌、甲杓肌預防食團誤入鼻道(使上呼吸道與口咽分離)：腭帆張肌、提腭帆肌、莖突咽肌、咽腭肌、翼突咽肌食道胃括約肌(esophagogastricsphincter)(馬、鼠),.,35,(二)唾腺特論(relatedimportantresearch)(1)ductsandmetabolites：ethanol,butanol;VFA(aceticacid,butyricacid,propionicacid);NVFA(lacticacid,oxaloaceticacid,succinicacid);CO2,glycerol;saliva(p.38,78-80);proteinregenerationcycle(氨尿素蛋白質氨基酸尿素),.,43,(三)Themicrobialecosystemoffermentativedigestion:1.Themicrobesresponsibleforfermentativedigestioninclude：bacteria,fungusandprotozoa2.Plantcellwallsareimportantsubstratesforfermentativedigestionandimportantnutrientsourcesformanyspecies：plantcellwallsvs.connectivetissueofanimalcellulosevs.collagenhemicellulose/pectin/lignin(cementthecellulose)vs.hyaluronicacid/chondroitinsulfate(cementtheconnectivetissue),.,44,(四)ReticulummotilityandthemaintenanceoftherumenenvironmentSeveralrequirementsthatmustbemetbythehostforproperfermentationtooccur：1.substrate2.temperature(37)3.ionicstrength(osmolality,300mosm)4.negativeoxidationreductionpotential(-250to-450mV)5.indigestiblewaste(solidmaterial)mustberemoved6.rateofremovableofmicrobesvs.theregenerationtimesofthe