英语演讲的艺术week-sixPPT课件

.,1,SpeakingtoInform,Informativespeech:aspeechdesignedtoconveyknowledgeandunderstanding.Yourspeechwillbejudgedinlightofthreegeneralcriteria:,.,2,Istheinformationcommunicatedaccurately?Istheinformationcommunicatedclearly?Istheinformationmademeaningfulandinterestingtotheaudience?,.,3,TypesofInformativeSpeeches:AnalysisandOrganization,Speechesaboutobjects.Speechesaboutprocesses.Speechesaboutevents.Speechesaboutconcepts.,.,4,Object:anythingthatisvisible,tangible,andstableinform.Hereareexamplesofsubjectsforspeechesaboutobjects:GobiDesertcomputersstockmarketSichuanmasksXiangembroiderypanda,SpeechesaboutObjects,.,5,ExamplesofSpecificPurposeStatementsforInformativeSpeechesaboutObjects,ToinformmyaudienceaboutgeologicalfeaturesoftheGobiDesert.Toinformmyaudienceaboutthelatestdevelopmentsincomputertechnology.ToinformmyaudienceaboutthecraftsmanshipofXiangembroidery.,.,6,Ifyourpurposeistoexplainthehistoryorevolutionofyoursubject,youwillputyourspeechinchronologicalorder.Example-seeAPSpage178.Ifyourpurposeistodescribethemainfeaturesofyoursubject,youmayorganizeyourspeechinspatialorder.Example-seeAPSpage178.Asoftenasnot,youwillfindthatspeechesaboutobjectsfallintotopicalorder.Example-seeAPSpage178.,.,7,Nomatterwhichorganizationalmethodyouuse-chronological,spatial,ortopical-besuretofollowtheguidelines:,.,8,Limitthenumberofmainpoints.Keepmainpointsseparate.Trytousethesamepatternofwordingforallmainpoints.Balancetheamountoftimedevotedtoeachmainpoint.,.,9,Process:asystematicseriesofactionsthatleadstoaspecificresultorproduct.Speechesaboutprocessesexplainhowsomethingismade,howsomethingisdone,orhowsomethingworks.,SpeechesaboutProcesses,.,10,ExamplesofSpecificPurposeStatementsforInformativeSpeechesaboutObjects,Toinformmyaudiencehowtyphoonsdevelop.Toinformmyaudiencehowtowriteaneffectivejobresume.ToinformmyaudiencehowtoperformTaiChi.,.,11,TwoKindsofInformativeSpeechesaboutProcesses,Explainsaprocesssothatlistenerswillunderstanditbetter.Tohaveyouraudienceknowthestepsoftheprocessandhowtheyrelatetooneanother.Explainsaprocesssolistenerswillbebetterabletoperformtheprocessthemselves.Tohavetheaudiencelearnaskill.,.,12,Toinformmyaudiencehownuclearpowerplantswork.Toinformmyaudiencehowtotakepictureslikeaprofessionalphotographer.,Whichkindofinformativespeechesaboutprocessesthefollowingtwobelongto?,.,13,Wheninformingaboutaprocess,youllusuallyarrangeyourspeechinchronologicalorder,explainingtheprocessstepbystepfrombeginningtoend.Example-seeAPSpage180.,.,14,Ifyoufocusonthemajorprinciplesortechniquesinvolvedinperformingtheprocess,youllorganizeyourspeechintopicalorder.Eachmainpointwilldealwithaseparateprincipleortechnique.Example-seeAPSpages180-181.,.,15,SpeechesaboutEvents,Event:anythingthathappensisregardedashappening.Thefollowingareexamplesofsuitablesubjects:insomniamarriageWorldCupBattleofRedCliffstsunamicybercrime,.,16,ExamplesofSpecificPurposeStatementsforInformativeSpeechesaboutEvents,Toinformmyaudienceabouthealthycuresforinsomnia.ToinformmyaudienceabouteventsattheBattleofRedCliffs.Toinformmyaudienceaboutthemajortypesofcybercrime.,.,17,Ifyourspecificpurposeistorecountthehistoryofanevent,youllorganizeyourspeechinchronologicalorder,relatingtheincidentsoneafteranotherintheordertheyoccurred.Example-seeAPSpage181.,.,18,Youcanapproachaneventfromalmostanyangleorcombinationofangles-features,origins,implications,benefits,futuredevelopment,andsoforth.Insuchcases,youllputyourspeechtogetherintopicalorder.Example-seeAPSpage182.,.,19,SpeechesaboutConcepts,Concept:abelief,theory,idea,notion,principle,orthelike.Thefollowingareexamplesofsubjects:Neo-Confucianism;theoriesofevolution;Philosophiesofeducation;motivationalprinciples;militarytheory;constitutionalism.,.,20,ToinformmyaudienceaboutbasicpointsoftheSMARTprinciple.ToinformmyaudienceaboutdifferentphilosophiesofeducationinChinaandtheUntiedStates.Toinformmyaudienceaboutthemajortheoriesexplainingtheextinctionofdinosaurs.,ExamplesofSpecificPurposeStatementsforInformativeSpeechesaboutConcepts,.,21,Speechesaboutconceptsareusuallyorganizedintopicalorderandfocusonthemainfeaturesoraspectsofyourconcept.Example-seeAPSpages183-184.,.,22,TipsforInformativeSpeaking,Dontoverestimatewhattheaudienceknows.Dontbetootechnical.Personalizeyourideas.Avoidabstractions.Becreative.,.,23,Youcantassumethatyouraudiencewillknowwhatyoumean.Youmustleadthemstepbystep,withoutanyshortcuts.Besuretodefineeveryspecialterm,clarifyeveryidea,illustrateeveryconcept.,DontOverestimateWhatTheAudienceKnows,.,24,DontBeTooTechnical,“Tootechnical”meansthesubjectmatteristoospecializedfortheaudience.Avoidtechnicalwordsorjargonswheninforminganaudienceofnon-specialists.,.,25,Personalize:topresentonesideasinhumantermsthatrelateinsomefashiontotheexperienceoftheaudience.Useanunbrokenstringoffactsandfigures.Usepersonalillustrations.,PersonalizeYourIdeas,.,26,Trytopersonalizeyourideasanddramatizetheminhumanterms.Example-seeAPSpage186.Viewthisexcerptfrom“TheHiddenWorldofChiliPeppers”.,.,27,AvoidAbstractions,Abstractideasarelesscompellingtolistenersthanareconcreteideas.Oneway:description.Description:astatementthatdepictsaperson,event,idea,orthelikewithclarityandvividness.Example:seeAPSpage186.,.,28,Anotherway:comparisonandcontrast.Comparison:astatementofthesimilaritiesamongtwoormorepeople,even