ThemePPT课件

Organisingthemessage:thetextualmetafunction:,Theme,Chapter6,ZhangJia1122208014,Positioninfunctionalgrammar,Textualmetafunction,Textualmetafunction:referstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.(Linguistics:ACourseBookbyHuZhuanglin),Textualmetafunction,在语义层中，把语言成分组织成语篇的功能就叫做语篇功能。引自系统功能语言学概论语篇：有意义的表述的集合体，语义范畴。,Textualmetafunction,Inusinglanguage,weorganizeourmessagesinwayswhichindicatehowtheyfitinwiththeothermessagesaroundthemandwiththewidercontextinwhichwearetalkingorwriting.语篇功能是指人们在使用语言时怎样把信息组织好，同时表明一条信息与其他信息之间的关系，而且还显示信息的传递与发话者所处的交际语境之间的关系。Ineasyterms,organizingthemessages。,Textualmetafunction,Ineasyterms,organizingthemessages概括说来，语篇功能即组织信息，使之形成语篇。,Themesstructure,Focusintheme,Key:howtoidentifytheme?,Part2Theme,Key:twobasicconceptsintheme.,Twobasicconcepts,Theme(主位)Rheme（述位）,Theme,Theme:DefinitionsDefinitioninourbookthefirst(experiential)constituentoftheclausethestarting-pointforthemessageorthegroundfromwhichtheclauseistakingoff.(Halliday,1994:38),Exampleoftheme,Thefollowingexampleisthefirstsentenceofanewspaperreportofanexhibitiononindustrialhistory:Forcenturies,yellowcanaries(金丝雀)havebeenusedtotexttheairinthemining.Analyses:forcenturiesisthestarting-pointofthemessageandthefirstconstituent(Adjunct)oftheclause,soitisthethemeinthisclause.,Classificationoftheme,Unmarkedtheme:normalthemeMarkedtheme:specialtheme,unusualthemeForexample:Amanweredyinglastnight.(unmarkedtheme)Lastnight,amanweredying.(markedtheme)Markedthemesoccurwhencontextualreasonsoverrule(否决)theunmarkedthemechoices.Lastnight-offertimeground.(contextualreason),Moreabouttheme,Attention:ThemeSubjectThedifferentchoicesofThemecontributetodifferentmeanings,ThemeSubject,Themeisthestarting-pointforthemessageorthefirstconstituentoftheclauseintermsoftextualmetafunction.Subjectiswhattheclauseisaboutintermsofinterpersonalmetafunction内容以及角度的不同。,Moreabouttheme,Attention:ThemeSubjectThedifferentchoicesofThemecontributetodifferentmeanings,Reorderthecomponentsofthissentenceinanumberofdifferentways:Forcenturies,yellowcanarieshavebeenusedtotexttheairinmining.Yellowcanarieshavebeenusedtotexttheairinminingforcenturies.Minershaveusedyellowcanariestotexttheairforcenturies.Inmining,Yellowcanarieshavebeenusedtotexttheairforcenturies.Totexttheairinmining,Yellowcanarieshavebeenusedforcenturies.,PleaserefertoP119forfurtherexplanation.,Rhyme,Whilethemeisthefirstconstituentoftheclause,rhymeisalltherestoftheclause.Forcenturies,yellowcanaries(金丝雀)havebeenusedtotexttheairinthemining.,Themesstructure,Part3Identifyingtheme,Key:howtoidentifythemesandmarkednessindifferenttypesofclauses,MainstructureinPart3,Themeindeclarativeclauses,Unmarkedthemeindeclarative:SubjectasthemeMarkedthemeindeclarative:Subjectnotastheme,Unmarkedthemeindeclarative,Unmarkedthemeindeclarativeclauses:SubjectasthemeForexample:Yellowcanarieshavebeenusedtotexttheairinminingforcenturies.(simplesubjectastheme)Thegreatpeoplehomeandabroadencouragemealot.(heavysubject,thenominalgroupastheme)Akeeninterestintheenvironment,familiaritywiththeworkingsofgovernmentwouldbeastrongadvantage.(heavysubject,nominalgroupcomplexastheme),Markedthemeindeclarative,Markedthemeindeclarative:SubjectnotasthemeAdjunctastheme(lessmarked)Complementastheme(verymarked)CircumstantialattributiveComplementastheme(intermediateinmarkedness)环境修饰性补语Forexample:Lastnight,amanwashelpingapoliceinquiries.(adjunct)Alltherestwewilldoforyou.(complement),Markedthemeindeclarative,NextdooristheMuseum.(circumstantialattributivecomplement)Thereisthetin-opener.Towardsthenorthwestendliesthetheatre.,Markedthemeindeclarative,Markedthemeindeclarative:SubjectnotasthemeAdjunctastheme(lessmarked)Complementastheme(verymarked)CircumstantialattributiveComplementastheme(intermediateinmarkedness)环境修饰性补语,Thescaleofmarkedness,Adjunctaslessmarked(lessspecial)theme,forthepositionofadjunctsistypicallyflexible.Complementasverymarked(veryspecial)theme,becausetheyareunusualenoughtodrawattentiontothemselves,andtheyonlyoccurwhencontextualreasonsoverruletheunmarkedchoiceofSubjectastheme.CircumstantialattributiveComplementarerelativelycommonandfeellessmarkedthanotherthematictheme,soitisintermediateinmarkednessbetweenComplementandAdjunct.,看看帅哥，休息一秒。,Themeinnon-declarativeclauses,Themeininterrogative(WH-questions,yes/noquestions)ThemeinimperativeThemeinexclamativeThemeinelliptical,Themeininterrogative,ThemeinWH-questionsThemeinyes/noquestions,ThemeinWH-questions,UnmarkedthemeinWH-questions:WH-wordorgroup(HOW-)asthemeMarkedthemeinWH-questions:WH-wordorgroup(HOW-)notastheme(rare)Why:Thebasicreasonforaskingaquestionistofindoutmissinginformation,andWH-wordorgroupitselfrepresentsthemissinginformation,sotheyarenaturaltheme,orunmarkedtheme.,ThemeinWH-questions,Forexample:Whathappenedtoher?(what)Whatuseisasecond?(whatgroup)Whichplatformdoesitleavefrom?(whichgroup)Howdidyoucometoemployhim?(How)Howoftenareyousupposedtotakethem?(Howgroup)Aftertheparty,wheredidyougo?,Unmarked,marked,Themeinyes/noquestions,Unmarkedthemeinyes/noquestions:thefiniteverbaloperatorandsubjecttogetherastheme充当操作词的限定成分（助动词和系动词）和主语一起构成无标记主位。Markedthemeinyes/noquestions(rare)thefiniteverbaloperatorandsubjecttogethernotasthemeWhy:Inyes/noquestions,themissingquestionorthecommunicationpurposeispolarity,andthefiniteverbaloperatorexpressthepolarity,thusitisnaturalforthistobethetheme,namelyunmarkedtheme.Astothereasonwhytheunmarkedthemeincludesthesubject,pleaserefertoP137.,Themeinyes/noquestions,Forexample:Haveyoufinishedyoumeal?DidhetellyouwhereIwas?Hasnthechangedhisname?HestudiesEnglish?,unmarked,marked,Themeinnon-declarativeclauses,Themeininterrogative(WH-questions,yes/noquestions)ThemeinimperativeThemeinexclamativeThemeinelliptical,Themeinimperative,Unmarkedthemeinimperative:PredicatorasthemeMarkedthemeinimperative:Predicatornotastheme(morecommon)Why:Thecommunicationpurposeofimperativeisnormallytogettheotherpersontocarryouttheaction,andthenaturalstartingpointisthereforethePredicator,whichexpressestheaction.,Unmarkedthemeinimperative,Forexample:Leavethelamphere.Question:howtoidentifythethemeinfollowingclauses?Dontcryaboutit.Dohavesomecheese.Letsgoforawalk,shallwe?,Moreaboutunmarkedthemeinimperative,Negativeimperative:thePredicatorandthenegativeFinitetogetherasTheme.Why:thesamereasonasinthecaseofsubjectinyes/noquestions,namelyaccordingtoThemesdefinition:thefirst(experiential)constituentoftheclause.SoDontcryaboutit.,Moreaboutunmarkedthemeinimperative,Question:howtoidentifythethemeinfollowingclauses?Dontcryaboutit.Dohavesomecheese.Letsgoforawalk,shallwe?,Moreaboutunmarkedthemeinimperative,Emphasisimperative:thePredicatorandtheemphasisFinite.Why:thesamereasonasinthecaseofnegativeimperative.SoDohavesomecheese.,Moreaboutunmarkedthemeinimperative,Question:howtoidentifythethemeinfollowingclauses?Dontcryaboutit.Dohavesomecheese.Letsgoforawalk,shallwe?,Moreaboutunmarkedthemeinimperative,Letsformimperative:letsasThemeWhy?Halliday(1994:87)arguesthatletsitselfisbestinterpretedasawayward(不规则的)formofthesubject.Soaccordingtothemesdefinition,itisanalysedasTheme.SoLetsgoforawalk,shallwe?Donsletsargueaboutit.(think),MarkedThemeinimperative,Markedthemeisrathermorecommonwithimperativeclausesthanwithothernon-declarativetypes.Forexample:Youjustshutup,willyou?(emphasisyou)OnarrivalinLiverpooltakeataxitotheUniversity.(condition)Forasharpertastesqueezesomelimeoverit.(reasonexplanation),Themeinnon-declarativeclauses,Themeininterrogative(WH-questions,yes/noquestions)ThemeinimperativeThemeinexclamativeThemeinelliptical,Themeinexclamative,UnmarkedthemeinWH-questions:WH-group(HOW-)asThemeMarkedthemeinWH-questions:WH-group(HOW-)notasTheme(rare)Why:Thecommunicationpurposeistomakeanexclamation,sothenaturalthemeistheexclamativecontent.,Themeinexclamativeabsolutely,Forexample:Whata