英语中8种从句介绍 锐

从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子.在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句（包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）.主语从句用作主语,如：That the earth is round is true.地球为圆的是真实的.宾语从句用作宾语.如：Do you know where he lives?表语从句用作表语,如：My opinion is that you should not go alone.我的意见是你不应单独前往.同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词.如：The fact that the earth is round is true.地球是圆的的事实是真实的.（that从句用于解释说明the fact）定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词.如：The student who answered the question was John.回答问题的学生是John.状语从句相当于一个副词,如：When it rains,I usually go to school by bus.天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学.（时间状语）If he comes tomorrow,you will see him.如果他明天来,你就可以看见他.（if 引导的条件状语从句,其结构为：if +状语从句,主句）.要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来.主句和从句的划分方法是相同的.句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易.谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语.如：I am a teacher.其中,I 是主语,am是谓语,a teacher 是表语.He likes playing football very mucy.其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playing football是宾语,very much是状语.英语中8种从句介绍1定语从句2时间状语从句3地点状语从句4条件状语从句5同位语从句6表语从句7宾语从句8主语从句名词性从句：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）.名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词：when,where,how,why不可省略的连词：1.介词后的连词2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略.That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思.但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有or notWhether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语.It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句.That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义.名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气.宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去.表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他.同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安.形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴.2）That- 从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败.Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事一、什么是英语从句?要回答这个问题,先要弄清楚两个小问题：1、什么叫英语的句子一般情况下,英语句子中必定有一个主语和谓语,或者说,有主语和谓语组成的句子就是句子.例如：Mr. Wang teaches English in a middle school.Many trees were planted last spring.2、英语句子的成份英语的句子中,不仅只有主语和谓语,还有其它的句子成份,其中最主要的成份有：主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等.这几种成份在句子的位置大致是：(状语) + (定语)主语(定语) + (状语)谓语(状语) + (定语)宾语(宾语补足语) + (状语)也就是,定语一般位于主语和宾语的前后；状语一般位于谓语的前后；及物动词后一般接宾语和宾语补足语.有一点请注意：英语句子中状语的位置非常灵活,它在句首、句中、句末都可以.3、什么是英语的从句在明白了英语句子的成份之后,再来讨论英语从句就比较简单了.因为,什么叫从句呢?就是英语句中的某一成份不是一个单词或词组,而是一个句子,那么这个担任成份的句子就叫从句.如果定语是一个句子,它就叫定语从句；如果宾语是一个句子,它就是宾语从句.依此类推.例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (括号中that开始的句子就是定语从句)We revisited the village where we had worked before. (括号中where引导的句子也是定语从句)He learned that this was a hard work (which must be finished in a week.) (这句里有两个从句,方括号由that引导的是宾语从句；在这个宾语从句中又包含了一个由which引导的定语从句.)因此,对于一个比较复杂的较长的英语句子来说,它就可能存在几个句子,即主句和担任各种成份的从句.从这个角度看,也可以说从句是句子中的句子.二、定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出.关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.关系副词有：when, where, why等. 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙.Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书.3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.（which / that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语.1）when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构,因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用,例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候.Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2）that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了.He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方.用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词.例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题,再显示答案,横线；用不同的颜色表示出.）（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起.此两题错在关系词的误用上.内容提要定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种.状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句.名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型.一、 限定性定语从句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句6. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是,表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处.I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反.We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了.3. 有时as也可用作关系代词4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物先行词:是在定语从句中,被定语从句所修饰的名词.例如:He is a teacher who teach our English.在这里定词从句who teach our English是来修饰前面的名词teacher.所以teacher就是一个先行词.再说下它的用法：1、先行词指人时,引导词可用Who,Whom,及that,其中当引导词在句中作主语时用Who或that；当其充当宾语时用whom或that,在非正式宾语中也可用who,也可省略.a That boy who/that broke the window is called Tom.b The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li.b 句可改为：The person(that/whom/who)you just talked to is Mr Li.2、先行词指物时,引导词用that或whicha.They planted the trees which didnt need much water.b .The fish (which)we bought were not fresh.3、先行词指时间时,引导词用When/on which或in whicha.I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Bei jing.b.Ill never forget the year when/ on which we worked on the farm.4、先行词指地点时,引导词用Where或in whichThis is the house where/in which we lived last year.或:This is the house that/which we lived in last year.5、whose在定语从句中作定语时,可用来指人,也可以用来指物,如:a.This is the boy whose mother died a month ago.b.This is the house whose windows were broken.此句可改成：This is the house the windoues of which were broken.6、先行词表示原因时,引导词用why,如:The reason why he was late for school was that he had been knocked down by a bike.二、物殊情况：尽管有以上基本原则,但要学好定语从句更应注意以下特殊情况；、当定语从句的先行词为表示人的不定代词,如 anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,all, these ,those等时,用who而不用thatThose who break the rule are pulished.Anybody who had eyes could see the elephant was like a snake.以who或which作主语的特殊疑问句中先行词指人,引导词只用That,如:a.Who is the person that is standing at the gate ?b.Which of you that knows something about English doesnt know this word?、先行词指物时引导词用that而不用which的情况:1、先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,This is the best composition that has been written in English.2、先行词是all,something,anything,nothing,everything,little,few,much等不定代词时There is nothing/little/much that we can do for her.3、先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时Ive read all the books that you gave me.4、先行词被the only/very等修饰时This is the very/last place that they visited yesterday.5、有两个以上先行词,分别表示人或物时They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.6、先行词为基数时Yesterday I caught two fish,Now you can see the two that are still alive in a basin of water.time为先行词时,前边如有序数词修饰时,定语从句引导词用that或什么也不用,如没序数词修饰时,用when或that均可a.This is the last time(that)I shall