高级英语 Love is a Fallacyppt课件

.,LoveIsaFallacy,MaxShulman,Unit4,.,TeachingPlan,.,TeachingObjectives,TohaveabasicknowledgeofthetermsinlogicTounderstandwhatloveisinanaffluentsocietyToappreciatethehumorousandsatiricalwritingstyleToappreciatethelanguage,.,TeachingFocus,Therulesoflogic:tounderstandalltheeightfallaciesreferredinthetext.Theparticularwritingstyleoftheauthor.Thelight,humorous,yetimpressingwayofdepictingthings.Subjective,personal,sensible.,.,TeachingFocus,Theself-boastingtoneof“I”.Differentadjectivesappliedtodescribe“I”andmy“rival”PeteyBurch.Thepositive,neutralandnegativesensesofthesimilaradjectives.,.,TeachingMethods,Teacher-orientedteachingmethodStudent-orientedteachingmethodTheelicitedmethod,.,TeachingProcedure,.IntroductoryRemarks.BackgroundInformation.LearningFocus.KeywordsandExpressions.ExplanationoftheText,.,.DivisionoftheText.TheWritingStyle.ThePersonalityofDobie.Exercises,.,IntroductoryRemarks,.,.IntroductoryRemarks,Aboutthetitle“Thereisdeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove”.“Lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises”.,.,AbouttheauthorMaxSchulmananAmericansbest-knownhumoristsaproductivewriterofmanytalents,.,HisworksBarefootboywithCheekTheFeathermerchantRallyRoundtheFlag,BoysTheManyLovesofDobieGillis,.,AboutthetextThetextisexcerptedfromTheManylovesofDobbieGillisbyMaxShulman.Itisapieceofnarrativewriting.,.,Thenarratorofthestory,DobieGillis,aself-conceitedfreshmaninaschoolstrugglesagainstPeteyBurch,hisstupidroommatewhosegirlfriendheplanstostealandPollyEspy,thebeautifuldumbgirlheintendstomarryaftersuitablereeducation.,.,DetailedStudyoftheText,.,.BackgroundInformation,ExplanationofthelogicalFallaciesAlogicalargumentgivesevidencetosupportsomeconclusion.twonecessaryparts:aconclusionthethesisarguesforcertainpremisesorfactsonwhichtobasetheconclusion,.,Theconclusionistobeinferredfromthepremises.Anargumentisdeductivelyvalidwhenitspremisesprovideconclusiveevidencefortheconclusion.Anargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalidandfallacious.,.,Anargumentmaybefallaciousinthreeways:fallaciousinitsmaterialcontentbecauseoftheuseofamisstatementofthefacts;fallaciousinitswordingbecauseofanincorrectuseofterm;fallaciousinitsformbecauseoftheuseofanimproperprocessofinference.,.,Fallaciesaredividedintothreegroups:a)material-fallaciesofpresumptionb)verbal-fallaciesofambiguityc)formal-astructuralpatternofgenericallyincorrectreasoningThefallaciesmentionedinthetextarematerialfallacies:,.,1.DictoSimpliciter绝对判断（FallacyofAccident）Anargumentbasedonanunqualifiedgeneralization.Theargumentappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstancesmakestheruleinapplicable.,.,2.HastyGeneralization（仓促推断）Theconversefallacyofaccidentariseswhenaspecialcaseisimproperlyappliedasageneralrule.Forinstance,acertainfoodisdelicioustosomepeople,butthefactdoesnotimplythatitisdelicioustoallpeople.,.,3.TheFallacyofIrrelevantConclusionItoccurswhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisunderconsiderationinthepremises.Specialcasesofirrelevantconclusionareproducedbytheso-calledfallaciesofirrelevance,whichinclude:,.,1)PostHocergopropterhoc牵强附会/假性因果ThefallacyofFalseCauseThefallacymislocatesthecauseofonephenomenoninanotherthatisonlyseeminglyrelated.,.,2)ContradictoryPremises循环论证BeggingtheQuestionItcomesintobeingwhenthepremisesopenlyorcovertlypresumetheveryconclusiontobedemonstrated.,.,3）AdMisericordiam文不对题（appealtopity)Inalawcourt,atriallawyerdoesntargueforhisclientsinnocence,buthetriestomovethejurytosympathyforhim,justasapplicantforajobdoesntanswerthequestionraisedbytheboss.Insteadhetriestoappealtothebosssympathybysayingsomethingaboutthepoorsituationofhisfamily.,.,4)FalseAnalogy“Itdoenotfollow”ariseswhenthereisnotevenadeceptivelyplausibleappearanceofvalidreasoning,becausethegivenpremiseshavevirtuallynothingtodowiththeconclusiondrawnfromthem.,.,5）HypothesisContrarytoFactThefallacyofmanyquestionsconsistsinaskingfororgivingasingleanswertoaquestionwhenthisanswercouldeitherbeseparateorrefusedcompletely.,.,6)PoisoningtheWell（井中投毒）Speaking“againsttheman”ratherthantoissue,orthefallacyofPoisoningtheWellinthetextwherethepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonholdingsomethesisratherthanoffergroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse.,.,.LearningFocus,StructureoftheNarration1.Theprotagonist:DobieGillis-aselfconceitedfreshman2.Theantagonist:PeteyBurch-hisstupidroommatePollyEspy-thebeautifuldumbgirl,.,3.Thetime:duringtheperiodofbeingstudents4.Theplace:onthecampusoftheuniversityofMinnesota5.Themaintheme:loveisaFallacy6.Theplot:FocusonaRaccoonCoat,.,.KeywordsandExpressions,1.unfetter:tofreefromfetters;tofreefromrestraintofanykind;liberate-freeandunfetteredtrade2.mumble:tospeakorsayindistinctlyandinalowvoice,mutter-Iwishyouwouldntmumble.-Icanthearyouclearly.,.,3.shed:castofforlosehair-Alltheleaveshaveshed.4.covet:wantardently;longforwithenvy-Itsasintocovet.,.,5.veer:changedirection;shift;turnorswingaround-Thewindveeredroundtothewest.6.swivel:turnon-Heswiveledthecameraonthetripodtofollowtheriders.,.,7.wax:togrowgraduallylarger;increaseinstrength,intensity,volume-Themoonwaxes.8.wince:toshrinkordrawbackslightly,usuallywithagrimace,asinpain,embarrassment,etc.-Hewincedattheinsult.,.,9.chirp:speakinlivelyway10.blubber:weeploudly,likeachild11.fashion:shape;mold-Hefashionedtheclayintoajar.,.,12.croak:tospeakinalow,roughvoiceasifyouhaveasorethroat-Thecrowcroakeddisaster.13.reel:togivewayorfallback;sway,waverorstaggerasfrombeingstruck-Hereeledfromthesharpblow.,.,14.bellow:cryoutloudly,asinangerorpain15.enterprising:fullofenergyandinitiative;willingtoundertakenewprojects,.,16.flaccid:hanginginloosefoldsorwrinkles;softandlimp17.pedantic:oforlikeapedant18.calculating:shrewdorcunning,esp.inaselfishway,.,19.astute:havingorshowingacleverorshrewdmind;cunning;crafty20.unsightly:notslightly,notpleasanttolookat;ugly21.cerebral:appealingtotheintellectratherthantheemotions,intellectual,.,22.pin-up:designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls23.greasy:smearedwithorcontaininggrease,.,24.canny:carefulandshrewdinonesactionanddealing;cleverandcautious25.glum:feelingorlookinggloomy26.fraught:filled,chargedorloaded,.,27.yummy:verytasty;delicious28.grueling:extremelytiring;exhausting29.well-heeled:rich,prosperous-awell-heeleddandy,.,.ExplanationoftheText,1.CharlesLambCharlesLamb,anEnglishessayistandpoet,wasborninLondonin1775anddiedin1834.Hiswritingwasfullofgentlehumor.Hisdramaticessay“SpecimensofEnglishDramaticPoets”establishedhisreputationasacritic.,.,2.ThomasCarlyleaBritishhistorianandessayistTheRevolution,Chartism:characterizedbyhistrenchantsocialandpoliticalcriticismandhiscomplexliterarystyleCarlyese:acompoundofbiblical,colloquialisms,andhisowncoinages,arrangedinunexpectedsequences.,.,3.Ruskin-anEnglishwriter,artcriticandsocialtheorist-agreatpaintingtobeonethatconveysgreatideastotheviewer-thevirtualdictatorofartisticopinioninEnglandduringthemid-19thcentury,.,Hisworksinclude:-ModernPainters(1843-1860),-ThesevenLampsofarchitecture(1849)-SesameandLilies(1856)-TheCrownofWildOlive(1866),-TimeandTide(1867).,.,4.nothingupstairs:(AmE.slang)empty-headed,anitwit(BrE.slang)unfurnishedintheupperstorey5.surrenderoneselftosth.:tostoptryingtopreventyourselffromhavingafeeling,habit,etc.-Shesurrenderedherselftosleep.-Hefinallysurrenderedhimselftohiscravingfordrug.,.,6.intheswim(ofthings):(informal)involvedinthingsthatarehappeninginsocietyorinaparticularsituation7.tear:makesb.feelveryunhappyorworried-Hisdistresstoremeapart.8.haveatonesfiguretips:tobecompletelyfamiliarwith,.,9.batoneseyes/eyelashes:openandcloseoneseyesquickly,inawaythatissupposedtobeattractivenotbataneyelid:(BE)/notbataneye(AE):10.knocksb.out:tosurpriseandimpresssb.verymuch-Themoviejustknockedmeout.,.,11.exasperate:toannoyorirritatesb.verymuch-Hermoodsexasperatedhim.Exasperation:n.Heshookhisheadinexasperation.12.knitonesbrow(s):tomove/drawoneseyebrowstogether,toshowthatyouarethinkinghard,feelingangry,.,13.hammeraway(at):keepemphasizingortalkingabout14.patronize:-Sometelevisionprogramstendtopatronizechildren.15.havebythethroat:attackbyseizingandsqueezingonesthroat,.,16.rat:mouse,ratpoison(informal)anunpleasantperson,esp.onewhoisnotloyalortricksb.,.,.DivisionoftheText,PartIParas1-3Itservesasabriefintroductionto,andacomment,onthestory.PartIIParas4-59Ithumorouslydepictshowthepromiseofexchangingagirlfriendforaraccooncoatismadeandfulfilled.,.,PartIIIParas60-125ItvividlydescribestheincrediblytoughprojectofmakingdumbPollysmart,andtheseemingsuccess.PartIVParas126-154ItironicallyrepresentstheseeminglyPygmalioneffect,whichturnsouttobeaFrankensteintragedyandformstheclimaxofthestory.,.,Summary,.,.TheWritingStyle,apieceofnarrationoflight,humoroussatireItstheme:“LoveisaFallacy”“love”isanerroradeceptionandemotionthatdoesnotfollowtheprinciplesoflogic,.,summary,Thepurposeofthestorytodemonstratethatlogicisaliving,breathingthings,fullofbeauty,passionandtrauma,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject.,.,Thelogicallinkofpassageideas“logic-alivingthing”“exchangeofaraccooncoatforaprettybutfoolishgirl”“teachinghertobelogicalandclever”“aPygmalionbecomesaFrankenstein”,.,Affluencehasreplacedlove,thusthereisnoquestionoftakingbrilliance,talent,oreducationintoconsiderationwhenchoosingaboyfriendandahusband.IthasreducedthesearchtoamatterofseekingwealthandkeepingupwiththeJoneses.Indeed,thiskindofloveisafallacy.,.,Theclimax:paras.147-150PollyrefusestogosteadywithDobiebecauseshealreadypromisedtogosteadywithPeteyBurch.,.,Theend:inaveryironicnoteDobieignoresthefactthatloveisthesincereattachmentwhicharisesnaturallyfrombothhearts,andhefailstowinPollybecausehehasbeentoocleverforhisgood.,.,TheFeaturesofWritingStyleAmericancolloquialismandslangalargelexicalspectrumtheultralearnedtermstheinfraclippedvulgarformsfigurativelanguageinversionforspecialemphasis,.,manyfiguresofspeechsimilemetaphorhyperbolemetonymyantithesis,.,shortsentenceellipticalsentencesdashestopic-centeredparagraph,.,.ThePersonalityofDobie,asmug,self-conceitedfreshman,smuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimself,heapingonhimselfallthebeautifulwordsofpraise:cool,logical,keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,powerful,preciseandpenetrating.,.,takingeveryopportunitytodowngradePeteyBurchitmightalsoimplyahigh-keyedstateofnervousattentionthatisnotsustainableforlong.anacuteawarenessoftheslightestambiguityineachstatementmadebyhisopponentanacutealertness,heightenedbythestrangesilenceintheenemytrenches,.,Astutesuggestsathoroughandprofoundunderstanding,stemmingfromascholarlyorexperiencedmindthatisinfullcommandofagivenfield.anastuteassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessoftheplansforre