Mark Twain马克吐温简介和作品赏析

MarkTwain,(马克吐温)SamuelLanghorneClemens（塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯）(1835-1910),MarkTwain,anAmericanIcon,MarkTwain(1835-1910),MarkTwainwasagreatAmericanwriter,andhewasalsoafamousspeaker.SamuelLanghorneClemens(MarkTwain)wasborninFloridaandhewasnotahealthybaby.Infact,hewasnotexpectedtolivethroughthefirstwinter.Butwithhismotherstendercare,hemanagedtosurvive.Asaboy,hecausedmuchtroubleforhisparents.Heusedtoplayjokesonallofhisfriendsandneighbors.Hedidntliketogotoschool,andheconstantlyranawayfromhome.,MarkTwain(1835-1910),HealwayswentinthedirectionofthenearbyMississippiashelovedthegreatriversomuch.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewas12.MarkTwainleftschoolandbegantoworkforaprinter,whoonlyprovidedhimwithfoodandclothing.Then,heworkedasaprinter,ariverboatpilotandlaterjoinedthearmy.Butshortlyafterthathebecameaminer.Duringthisperiod,hestartedtowriteshortstories.Afterwardshebecameafull-timewriter.,“MarkTwainwasalifelongcreatorandkeeperofscrapbooks（剪贴本）.Hetookthemwithhimeverywhereandfilledthemwithsouvenirs,pictures,andarticlesabouthisbooksandperformances.Butintime,hegrewtiredofthelostglue,rock-hardpaste,andtheswearingthatresultedfromthestandardscrapbookprocess.So,hecameupwiththeideaofprintingthinstripsofglueonthepagestomakeupdatesneatandeasytodo.,In1872,hepatentedhis“self-pasting”scrapbook,andby1901,atleast57differenttypesofhisalbumswereavailable.Itwouldbehisonlyinventionthatevermademoney.”,Inspiredbyhisinventionofthescrapbook,thiselectronicscrapbookrecordsinformationaboutprobablythemostfamousandbelovedhumorist,satirist,andentertainerinAmericanhistoryandillustratessomeofMarkTwainsquotationsabouteveryaspectofourlives.,MarkTwain,AsayoungmanTwainworkedasariverboatpilotontheMississippiRiver.Whenhestartedhiswritingcareer,SamuelClemensadoptedthename“MarkTwain,”whichmeanttwofathoms,asafedepthforariverboat.,P,In1861,SamuelClemensavoidedthebrewingCivilWarbygoingwest.HetookhisfirstwritingjobasreporterattheVirginiaCityTerritorialEnterprise.Seriousnewswasoftenmixedwith“reports”thathadtobetakenwithagrainofsalt（有保留的）.Soon,hebeganusingthenameMarkTwainandaffixingittosketches,reportage,andanoccasionalhoax.Itwasatimewhenhefirstdiscoveredhistalent,hiscalling（职业）,andhisvoice.,P,At34yearsofagehemarriedOliviaLangdonClemens.ShewasthedaughterofaNewYorkcoalmagnate,amemberofthecountryswealthyelite.Shewouldbepartner,editor,andfellowtravelerinsuccessandfailureforthenextthirty-fiveyears.ShewouldalsofurnishhimherfamilyshomeinElmira,NewYork,aplacewherehevisitedoftenandwrotemanyofhisbest-lovedbooks.,P,“Ivividlyrememberseeingadozenblackmenandwomenchainedtooneanother,once,andlyinginagrouponthepavement,awaitingshipmenttotheSouthernslavemarket.ThosewerethesaddestfacesIhaveeverseen.”MarkTwain,Thoughhismostfamousnoveliscriticizedforbeingracist,MarkTwainneverexpectednorintendedthecontroversythatarosewiththepublicationofHuckleberryFinn.MarkTwainwasnotracist,butdepictedlifeinhistimes.,P,“Ihavenocolorprejudicesnorcaste（社会等级）prejudicesnorcreedprejudices.AllIcaretoknowisthatamanisahumanbeing,andthatisenoughforme;hecantbeanyworse.,P,By1900TwainhadbecomeAmericasforemostcelebrity.Hewasinvitedtoattendshiplaunchings,anniversarygatherings,politicalconventions,andcountlessdinners.Reportersmethimateveryportofcall,anxioustoprintanewquip（妙语）fromthefamoushumorist.Toenhancehisimage,hetooktowearingwhitesuitsandlovedtostrolldownthestreetandseepeoplestaringathim.,P,Intime,theClemenshomebecamearevolvingdoorfortheleadingnamesoftheday:Howells,Sherman,Cable,Harte,andothers.ButitalsosawClemensinvolvehimselfinfancifulinvestmentschemesthatledtohisbankruptcyandeventualdeparture.,P,Becauseoffinancialproblems,ClemenslivedinEuropefrom1891-1901,butthiswasneitherhisfirstnorlasttripabroad.Infact,hewasaninveterate（成僻的）traveler.Fromtheageof17tothelastfewweeksofhislifehewasalwaysdiscoveringnewplacesandrevisitingold.HecrisscrossedtheAtlanticmorethanadozentimesandalsosawTurkey,Palestine,Hawaii,Australia,India,andSouthAfrica.,P,Hedevelopedasaspeakerandtraveledonlecturecircuits,muchindemand.Hisearlyperformancescombinedhumor,informationandeloquenceinmeasuresthatdelightedmostpeople.,P,WhenhediedonApril21,1910,newspapersaroundthecountrydeclared,“Thewholeworldismourning.”Bythen,SamClemenshadlongsinceceasedtobeaprivatecitizen.HehadbecomeMarkTwain,aproudpossessionoftheAmericannation.,“Iwassorrytohavemynamementionedasoneofthegreatauthors,becausetheyhaveasadhabitofdyingoff.Chaucerisdead,Spencerisdead,soisMilton,soisShakespeare,andImnotfeelingsowellmyself.”MarkTwain,P,“IcameinwithHalleysComet（哈雷慧星）in1835.Itiscomingagainnextyear(1910),andIexpecttogooutwithit.ItwillbethegreatestdisappointmentofmylifeifIdontgooutwithHalleysComet.TheAlmightyhassaid,nodoubt:Nowherearethesetwounaccountablefreaks;theycameintogether,theymustgoouttogether.,MarkTwaindiedin1910,theyearHalleysCometappeared.,P,MarkTwainwasoneofthegreatartistsofalltime.Hewasandisoneauthenticgiantofournationalliterature.TwainsquotesandhumorareaspopulartodayasatanytimeinAmericanhistory.,“Wisdomteachesusthatnonebutbirdsshouldgooutearly,andthatnotevenbirdsshoulddoitunlesstheyareoutofworms.”,“FleascanbetaughtnearlyanythingthataCongressmancan.”ItcouldprobablybeshownbyfactsandfiguresthatthereisnodistinctlynativeAmericancriminalclassexceptCongress.,P,“Getabicycle.Youwillnotregretit.Ifyoulive.”,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,“Everyoneisamoon,andhasadarksidewhichhenevershowstoanybody.”,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,“Nothingismadeinvain,buttheflycamenearit.”“Idratherhavetensnakesinthehousethanonefly.”,“OfallGodscreaturesthereisonlyonethatcannotbemadetheslaveofthelash.Thatoneisthecat.Ifmancouldbecrossedwiththecatitwouldimproveman,butitwoulddeterioratethecat.”,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,“Thedogisagentleman;Ihopetogotohisheaven,notmans.”,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,“Thebestwaytocheeryourselfupistotrytocheersomebodyelseup.”,“Humorismankindsgreatestblessing.”,“InthefirstplaceGodmadeidiots.Thiswasforpractice.ThenhemadeSchoolBoards（地方教育董事会）.”,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,“Bytryingwecaneasilylearntoendureadversity（不幸、逆境）-anothermansImean.”,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,“Berespectfultoyoursuperiors,ifyouhaveany.”,“Classic-abookwhichpeoplepraiseanddontread.”,“Themanwhodoesnotreadgoodbookshasnoadvantageoverthemanwhocantreadthem.”,“TheholypassionofFriendshipisofsosweetandsteadyandloyalandenduringanaturethatitwilllastthroughawholelifetime,ifnotaskedtolendmoney.,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,“Itisbettertokeepyourmouthshutandappearstupidthantoopenitandremovealldoubt.”,“Goodbreeding（教养）consistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.,“Humorismankindsgreatestblessing.”,PicturefromDaveThomsoncollection:,RealismAResponsetoRomanticismTriedveryhardtocapturelifeexactlyasitwas,ratherthanromanticizingitRatherthanfocusonemotionorprizeit,realiststriedtopreventtheirworksfrombeingfilteredthroughtheiremotionallensesCharacterscamefrompoorer,super-ruralorsuper-urbanbackgroundsIncludedworkersatfactories,peoplelivinginslums,etc.thetypesofpeoplewhonevershowedupasromanticheroes,TwainasaRealist,TwainasaRealist,Twainisoneofthegreatestrealistspossiblythegreatestofalltime.Oneofthereasonshessogreatisthathedarestoexaminethe“whys”whydoessocietyhaveproblems?Whydocharactersexperienceconflictingemotions?Whydoweactthewaywedo?,MarkTwainandhismasterpieces,TheAdventureofTomSawyerwasanimmediatesuccessas“aboysbook”;itssequel,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnbecamehismasterpiece,theonebookfromwhich,asErnestHemingwaynoted,“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes.”LifeontheMississippiisanothermasterpieceofhis.,MarkTwainandhismasterpieces,Inhislaterworksthechangefromanoptimistandhumoristtoanalmostdespairingdeterminist（决定论者）isunmistakable.Somecriticslinkthischangewiththetragiceventsofhislaterlife,thefailureofhisinvestments,hisfatiguingtravelsandlecturesinordertopayoffhisdebts,andaddedtothis,thedeathofhiswifeandtwodaughterswhichlefthimabsolutelyinconsolable（极为伤心的）.,SamuelClemensMajorWorks,TheGildedAge镀金时代writtenincollaborationwithCharlesDudleyWarnerLifeontheMississippi密西西比河上AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthursCourt亚瑟王朝里的康涅狄格州美国佬TheManThatCorruptedHardleybug败坏了哈德莱堡的人TheMysteriousStranger神秘的陌生人AutobiographyTheseworkscontainbitterattacksonthehumanrace,TheInnocentsAbroad傻子国外旅行记RoughingIt艰难岁月PuddnheadWilson傻瓜维尔逊ThePrinceandthePauper王子与贫民AmericanClaimant美国申请人,MarkTwainsWritingFeatures,1.localcolour,representedsociallifethroughportraitsoflocalplaceswhichheknewbest,drewfromhisownrichfundofknowledgeofpeopleandplaces,talltales(highlyexaggerated),atextureofmostlocalcolorliterature，akinkofhumor,2.Literatureisanartoflanguage.MarkTwainslanguageisartisticandlikeasharpweaponwithoutdoubt.MarkTwainisfamousforhishumorandsatire.Heusedtheartisticstyleofhyperbole（夸张法）onthebasisofthewesterntraditionalhumorandmadehiswritingfullofallegoriesthatlaybehindthehumor.,MarkTwainsWritingFeatures,MarkTwainsWritingFeatures,humour,isofwittyremarksmockingatsmallthingsandmakingpeoplelaugh,isakindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjustice,3.Heusedalotofcolloquialidiomsandcolloquialsyntax.,amasteroflanguage,shortconcretedirectineffect,simple,evenungrammatical,sentencesentencestructureismostlysimpleorcompound;ungrammaticalelementsMarkTwainmadethecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofAmerica.,AnExcerptfromChapter31ofAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,OnceIsaidtomyselfitwouldbeathousandtimesb