土木外文翻译

精选文库Prefabricated Construction The well known expression “time is money” voiced repeatedly in the business world, has greatly influenced the trend towards far more rapid methods of construction. Delays often associated with so it is understandable that prefabricated construction has found favour in both industry and commerce. Such construction is even more justified in an attempt to solve the serious problem of providing sufficient houses and flats quickly enough to meet the needs of an ever expanding population. Already, tremendous strides forward have been made in this sector of building. The disruption of road and rail traffic, so often experienced when a flyover, an underpass or a service is being constructed, can be minimized in those constructions incorporating prefabrication.Prefabrication is by no means a new idea, but in the past, unimaginative uniformity in design, together with limited materials, led to a natural distaste for this form of construction in this field, as a far more variety in the shapes and sizes of prefabricated units. In fact, nowadays, there remains very little in the world of building and civil engineering that cannot be constructed effectively and attractively by means of prefabricated units.Housing manufacturing-assembling building. This new technology is how going on As mentioned above, the site is the scene of construction materials shipped from the factory to the semi-finished products, construction units to the scene to do a certain type treatment, and the assembly of semi-finished housing. Construction sites no longer gong, carpenters, steel workers and other types of work-share then fine, construction workers from past and more complex trades role for a single change in the profile of train She, electric drills and other tools of the assembly role. This assembly manufacturing housing has been to avoid the shortcomings of the traditional building and construction very quickly, can be completed in the near future. Housing for manufacturing enterprises, workers significantly reduced labor intensity, cross-operation to facilitate an orderly manner; housing assembly for each procedure can be like the installation of the equipment as check their accuracy and to ensure the quality of manufactured housing, construction, to reduce the noise, Reduce material stacked venue is conducive to the protection of the environment because of industrial production and assembly at the scene of the standard so that manufacturers reduce the cost of housing, and easily meet the room decoration and equipment installation requirements. Therefore, the assembly of manufactured housing for the many advantages of traditional housing construction methods can not be compared.Generally speaking, prefabricated construction in relation to buildings divided into two classes. Where the prefabricated units are entirely or almost entirely produced in a factory and transported to the site, the method of construction is known as factory industrialized building or system building. On the other hand, if the component are mainly produced by the contractor in a yard adjacent to the site, it is known as on-site industrialized building.Many large building contractors have developed their own organizations of system building for houses and flats, and have often been successful in securing contracts in direct competition with traditional building.The main advantage of factory industrialized building is that the prefabricated units can be produced to a very high standard of precision and a consistently high quality. Consequently, the tolerance margins, which are so necessary in traditional building methods, can be greatly reduced. Of course, careful planning and diligent supervision by the designer, together with the utmost standardization, are essential to attain these objectives. The working conditions in a factory are far more amenable than those on a site, and this permits continuous production. Since unskilled labor is mainly employed in the production of the units, construction should prove to be less costly.To gain the maximum advantage from this system, there must always be clear liaison between the factory and site organizations. The units should be delivered precisely when they are required and site manpower and plant should be ready to incorporate them into the construction on their arrival. The failure of proper co-ordination results in unnecessary delay, which defeats the principal object of this method.Effective transport is an essential factor in the factory system, if it is to function as an economical operation. The transportation of large units can often be a serious handicap, although lightweight materials have to a certain extent alleviated the problem of abnormally heavy loads. The on-site system has a distinct advantage in this respect, in that no transport problem exists. Proper co-ordination between the site and the adjoining unit-producing yard will provide units, as and the standards attained in many production yards are very high. Temporary buildings are often erected and production methods are fast becoming highly mechanized.Concrete, whether ordinary or lightweight, has for some time been the principal material used for producing prefabricated units, both for buildings and civil engineering projects. In the construction of houses, blocks o f multi-storey flats, office blocks and similar buildings, numerous proprietary systems have been introduced in recent years, using concrete units, for practically every section of the building. Fig.13 illustrates the general arrangement of a typical block of multi-storey flats composed almost entirely of factory-made concrete units. Details of the intersections of various units are shown in both Fig.14.an alternative system for multi-storey flats and similar large buildings is to erect a framework of load-bearing reinforced concrete horizontal perimeter beam units and vertical mullion units. Between these are fixed concrete external cladding panels. Quite often, factory-made units are delivered complete with window and door frames, service ducts, insulation etc.and invariably they are finished to receive decorations. This reduces site works considerably.预制装配式结构众所周知“时间就是金钱” 。这句话在商界被反复倡导，对推行更快速的施工方法产生了巨大的影响。传统建筑业常有拖延工期的问题，而拖延工期则意味着对房屋的出售或租赁带来经济损失，所以与之装配式结构理所当然地在工业和商业领域中受到青睐。在努力解决快速提供足够的房屋或公寓来满足不断增长的人口的需要这一严重问题方面，预制装配式结构被证明是更可行的，并已经取得可长足进展。如果在建造立交桥、地下通道或服务设施采用预制结构，就会把经常发生的公路或地铁交通的中断情况降低到最小程度。预制结构并非新构想，但是在过去，由于在设计上严重缺乏统一规格，再加上在材料有限，自然就使得这种施工方式不受欢迎。然而近年来，由于新技术的出现，材料的选择范围更加广泛，以及预制构件的形状、型号多种多样，致使这一领域发生了一场革命。事实上，在今天的工业与民用建筑中，几乎所有的施工都采用预制构件达到高效而完美的效果。房屋制造装配式建筑。这项新技术是怎么回事呢？如前所述，工地现场的建筑材料完全是由工厂运来的半成品，施工单位在现场对地势做一定处理后，地半成品进行房屋的组装。建筑工地不再把瓦工、木工、钢筋工等工种分得那么细，建筑工人由过去那种复杂的多工种角色，转变为单一的背射钉枪，电钻等工具的装配工角色。这种装配化制造房屋已经避免了传统建房的缺点，施工速度非常快，可在短期内竣工。房屋制造对企业来说，工人劳动强度大幅度减少，交叉作业方便有序；房屋装配中的每道工序都可以像设备安装那样检查其精度，以确保房屋制造的质量；施工时的噪音降低，物料堆放场地减少，有利于环境的保护；由于工厂化的生产和现场的标准装配，使房屋制造成本降低，并容易满足室内设备安装和装饰装修的要求。因此，装配式制造房屋的许多优点是传统房屋建造方法无法比拟的。一般来说，与建筑物相关的预制装配式结构分为两种。若预制构件完全或几乎全由工厂产生，并被运到施工现场，这种施工方法就是工业化建筑方式。或称为系统建筑方式。另一方面，如果组装构建主要是由承包人在施工现场附近的场地制作出来的，这种方法被称为现场工业化建筑。许多大