The General Situation of AT89C51

精选文库The General Situation of AT89C51Chapter 1 The application of AT89C51Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of thisenvironment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). The paper describes the design and mechanism of this test environment, its interactions with various hardware/software environmental components, and how to use AT89C51.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speedcalculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems,motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives,and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission criticalapplications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financiallyprohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions.This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully.Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts.The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture,a full duple ser -ial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscil lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1-3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin cansink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data busduring accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internalpullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the codebytes during program verification. External pullups are required during programverification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/so -urce four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 outputbuffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they arepulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVXDPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals durin Flash programming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 outputbuffers can sink/sou -rce four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special featuresof the AT89C51 as listed below:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address duringaccesses to external memory.This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency,and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALEpulse is skipped duri -ng each access to external DataMemory.If desired, ALE operationcan be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active onlyduring a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Settingthe ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twiceeach machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access toexternal data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the deviceto fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched onreset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin alsreceives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, forparts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operatingcircuit. XTAL2 ：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifierwhich can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either aquartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an externalclock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory. Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.中文译文AT89C51的概述第一章 AT89C51的应用单片机在商界上已广泛应用：例如调制解调器，电动机控制系统，空调控制系统，汽车发动机和其他的领域。单片机的处理速度的快速和增强型外围器件的集成使得它们适合应用于这种需要高速要求的应用场合。但是，这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机可靠性非常高。稳定的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片机的合适的工具环境保证了可靠性非常高和市场风险非常低。Intel 平台工程部门开发了一种面向对象的应用于验证它的AT89C51 汽车单片机多线性测试环境。这种环境的目标不仅是为AT89C51 汽车单片机提供一种稳定的检测环境，而且是为了开发一种能够容易扩展并重复用来验证其他几种未来的单片机。开发的这种环境是在连接AT89C51的基础之上的。本文讨论了这种测试环境的设计和原理，以及它和各种硬件、软件环境器件的交互性，以及如何应用AT89C51。1.1 介绍8 位AT89C51 CHMOS 工艺单片机被设计用于处理高速运算和快速的输入/输出。MCS51 单片机典型的应用是处理高速事件的控制系统。商业应用包括调制解调器，电动机控制系统，打印机，影印机，空调控制系统，磁盘驱动器和医疗设备。汽车制造业把MCS51 单片机用于发动机控制系统，悬挂系统和反锁制动系统。AT89C51 应用范围广泛得益于它的处理速度和增强型片上外围功能集，诸如：汽车动力控制，车辆动态悬挂，反锁制动和稳定性控制应用。由于这些关键应用，市场需要一种可靠的具有低干扰潜伏响应的费用-效能控制器，服务大量时间和事件驱动的在实时应用需要的集成外围的能力，具有在单一程序包中高出平均处理功率的中央处理器。拥有操作不可预测的设备的经济和法律风险是很高的。一旦进入市场，尤其任务决定性应用诸如自动驾驶仪或反锁制动系统，错误将是财力上所禁止的。重新设计的费用可以高达500K 美元，如果产品族享有同样内核或外围设计缺陷的话，费用会更高。另外，部件的替代品领域是极其昂贵的，因为设备要用来把模块典型地焊接成一个总体的价值比各个部件高几倍。为了缓和这些问题，在最坏的环境和电压条件下对这些单片机进行无论在部件级别还是系统级别上的综合测试是必需的。Intel Chandler 平台工程组提供了各种单片机和处理器的系统验证。这种系统的验证处理可以被分解为三个主要部分。系统的类型和应用需求决定了能够在设备上执行的测试类型。1.2 AT89C51提供以下标准功能：4k 字节FLASH 闪速存储器，128 字节内部RAM，32 个I/O 口线，2 个16 位定时/计数器，一个5 向量两级中断结构，一个全双工串行通信口，片内振荡器及时钟电路。同时，AT89C51 降至0Hz 的静态逻辑操作，并支持两种可选的节电工作模式。空闲方式体制CPU 的工作，但允许RAM，定时/计数器，串行通信口及中断系统继续工作。掉电方式保存RAM 中的内容，但振荡器体制工作并禁止其他所有不见工作直到下一个硬件复位。1.3引脚功能说明Vcc：电源电压GND：地P0 口：P0 口是一组8 位漏极开路型双向I/O 口，也即地址/数据总线复用。作为输出口用时，每位能吸收电流的方式驱动8 个TTL 逻辑门电路，对端口写“1”可作为高阻抗输入端用。在访问外部数据存储器或程序存储器时，这组口线分时转换地址（低8 位）和数据总线复用，在访问期间激活内部上拉电阻。在Flash 编程时，P0 口接受指令字节，而在程序校验时，输出指令字节，校验时，要求外接上拉电阻。P1 口：P1 是一个带内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口，P1 的输出缓冲级可驱动（吸收或输出电流）4 个TTL 逻辑门电路。对端口写“1”，通过内部的上拉电阻把端口拉到高电平，此时可作输入口。作为输入口使用时，因为内部存在上拉电阻，某个引脚被外部信号拉低时会输出一个电流（IIL）。Flash 编程和程序校验期间，P1 接受低8 位地址。P2 口：P2 是一个带有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口，P2 的输出缓冲级可驱动（吸收或输出电流）4 个TTL 逻辑门电路。对端口写“1”，通过内部的上拉电阻把端口拉到高电平，此时可作输入口。作为输入口使用时，因为内部存在上拉电阻，某个引脚被外部信号拉低时会输出一个电流（IIL）。在访问外部程序存储器或16 位四肢的外部数据存储器（例如执行MOVX DPTR指令）时，P2 口送出高8 位地址数据，在访问8 位地址的外部数据存储器（例如执行MOVX RI 指令）时，P2 口线上的内容（也即特殊功能寄存器（SFR）区中R2 寄存器的内容），在整个访问期间不改变。Flash 编程和程序校验时，P2 也接收高位地址和其他控制