新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson22、23、24】

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson22、23、24】 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 In what two areas have people made no progress at all? Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries： the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called modern civilization is not the result of a balanced development of all mans nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. The problem now facing humanity is： What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter mens bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues. G.N.M.TYRRELL The Personality of Man 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 loom v. 赫然耸起 manifest adj.明显的 morality n. 道德 communicate v. 交流，交际 compound adj. 复合的 enhance v. 增进 tempo n. 速率 trickle n. 涓涓细流 torrent n. 滔滔洪流 humanity n. 人类 indifferently adv. 不在乎地 grimly adv. 可怖地 whimsical adj. 怪诞的 shatter v. 毁坏 twofold adj. 双重的 【课文注释】 1.loom，隐现(常令人生畏);即将发生。 If something looms over you, it appears as a large or unclear shape, often in a frightening way. 例句：The mountainous island loomed on the horizon. 那座巨大的岛屿隐隐约约浮现在地平线上。 If a worrying or threatening situation or event is looming, it seems likely to happen soon. 例句：The looming threat of recession made them anxious. 近在眼前的经济衰退让他们很是焦虑。 2.take place，发生。 take place和happen意思相近，都有发生的意思，但take place更强调有人为因素参与的某事发生、有计划的使某事发生，而happen多指没有计划的、自然发生的。来看几个例子就知道了 例句：The fete will take place on Sunday, rain or shine. 游园义卖会定於星期日举行，风雨无阻。 这句话用happen就不妥，因为fete是不会无计划、自不过然自己发生的。 例句：The accident happened at the corner of the street. 意外发生在街角。 这句话中因为accident不是人为安排的让其发生的，所以用happen更好。 3.undergo，经历，遭受。 If you undergo something necessary or unpleasant, it happens to you. 例句：During the past few decades, this city has undergone great changes. 过去的几十年中，这座城市经历了巨大的变化。 undergo changes是个比较正式地道的表达。 4.with the invention of wrinting，短语中的with是“因为”的意思。 5.education in its turn added to libraries，教育反过来也丰富了藏书。 in turn，反过来，转而。 例句：One of the members of the surgical team leaked the story to a fellow physician who, in turn, confided in a reporter. 医疗队中的一名成员把故事告诉了一名内科医生，该内科医生转而又告诉了记者。 in turn，轮流。 例句：The girls called out their names in turn. 那些女孩儿逐一报出自己的名字。 6.a kind of compound interest law，一种复利法则。compound interest law有时也被称作“雪球法则”，即利上滚利，增长很快。 7.turn.to account，利用。 例句：We should turn knowledge to good account to build a better future. 我们应该好好利用知识，创造一个美好的未来。 8.Could any spectacle,.to restore them?这句话从形式上是个疑问句，但实质上起一个增强语气的陈述句的作用，这种疑问句常被称为修辞疑问句。 9.this twofold use of knowledge，知识的这种双重性。 twofold表示双重性：You can use twofold to introduce a topic that has two equally important parts. 例句：The case against is twofold： too risky and too expensive. 反对的理由有两个：太冒险，太昂贵。 【参考译文】 为什么进步这个概念在现代世界显得如此突出?无疑是因为有一种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围发生，而且变得越来越明显。虽然人类有智力和道德上没有得到普遍提升，但在知识积累方面却取得了巨大的进步。人一旦能用语言同别人交流思想，知识的积累便开始了。随着书写的发明，又迈进了一大步，因为这样一来，知识不但能交流，而且能储存了。藏书使教育成为可能，而教育反过来又丰富了藏书，因为知识的增长遵循着一种“滚雪球”的规律。印刷术的发明又大大提升了知识增长的速度。所有这些发展都比较缓慢，而随着科学的到来，增长的速度才突然加快。于是，知识便开始有系统有计划地积累起来。涓涓细流汇成小溪，小溪现已变成了奔腾的江河。而且，新知识一旦获得，便得到实际应用。所谓“现代文明”并不是人的天性平衡发展的结果，而是积累起来的知识应用到实际生活中的结果。现在人类面临的问题是：用这些知识去做什么?正像人们常常指出的，知识是一把双刃刀，能够用于造福，也能够用来为害。人们现在正漫不经心地把知识用于这两个方面，例如：炮兵利用科学毁坏人的身体、而外科医生就在附近用科学抢救被炮兵毁坏的人体，还有什么情景比这更可怕、更怪诞的吗?我们不得不严肃地问问我们自己：随着日益增长的知识的力量，如果我们继续利用知识的这种双重性，将会发生什么样的情况呢? Lesson23 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author? No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school, the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has conquered the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air,travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse. Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning. WILLIAM BEACH THOMAS A Countrymans Creed 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 albatross n. 信天翁 sustenance n. 支撑力 glider n. 滑翔者 harness v. 利用 endow v. 赋有 ply v. 持续地供给 gale n. 大风 partridge n. 鹧鸪 like adj. 类似的 propulsion n. 推动力 utter adj. 完全的 slip v. 滑行 adverse adj. 逆的，相反的 omen n. 预兆 【课文注释】 1. keep company with 陪伴着 例句：She stayed at home to keep company with her younger sister. 她留在家里陪伴她妹妹。 交往 例句：Never keep company with dishonest persons. 不要与不诚实的人打交道。 2. course与coarse, 两个单词虽然很像，但是意义却大不相同。 course n. 路线、航线、航向 例句：The ship had been blown off course in the storm. 这艘船在暴风雨中被刮得偏离了航向。 coarse adj. 粗的，粗糙的 例句：Homespun is a cloth of coarse weave. 土布是一种织得粗糙的布。 3. harness v. 给上挽具;套(马)(+to) 例句：The farmer harnessed the horse to the cart. 农夫把马套到马车上。 治理,利用;控制,驾驭 例句：They will harness the suns energy to heat homes. 他们将利用太阳能为住宅供暖。 It will take a couple of years to harness that river. 治理那条河流要花两三年时间。 4. be endowed with 天生具有 例句：He is endowed with literary talent. 他有文学天分。 5. steel-like musles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird 句中以that引导的从句是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰muscles。that引导的非限制性是很罕见的，但并非没有。(绝对长知识了呀!) 例句：She is devilish like Miss Cutter, that I used to meet at Dumdum. 她像坎特小姐一样恶毒，我在达姆城曾领教过坎特小姐。 Age，that lessens the enjoyment of life, increases our desire of living. 年龄，消磨着人生的欢乐，也增加了人们求生的欲望。 6.ply v. 持续供应 例句：And dont ply foreigners with lots and lots of disparate questions. 不要没完没了地向老外提出大量的互不相关的问题。 7. in highest measure / to the highest degree 水准地， measure在这里是“水准”的意思。 例句：He resembles his mother in highest measure. 他长得像极了他的妈妈。 in some measure / to some degree 在某种水准上 例句：I agree with him in some measure. 我有几分同意他的意见。 We must admit that your unwearied effort is in some measure successful. 我们必须承认你们不屈不挠的的努力多少是成功的。 8. travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home travelling it may be是倒装语序，这是为了强调travelling的生动逼真，自然语序是it may be travelling。 9. slip v. 滑，滑倒 例句：I was unlucky to slip on a banana skin and fall over. 我真倒霉，踩在香蕉皮上滑倒了。 溜;悄悄走;(时间)不知不觉地过去 例句：The student slipped out of the classroom. 那学生溜出了教室。 10. adverse adj. 不利的, 逆向的, 有害的 例句：The development was adverse to our interests. 这种发展与我们的利益背道而驰。 opposite, contrary, adverse, reverse, converse 这些形容词均含“相反的、对立的”之意。 opposite： 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。 contrary： 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。 adverse： 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。 reverse： 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。 converse： 指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。 【参考译文】 没有任何两种鸟的飞行方式是相同的。鸟的飞行方式千差万别，但大体上可分为两类。任何一艘横度太平洋的轮船都会有一种小信天翁伴随飞行很多天。它们随船飞行一小时也难得见其扇动一下翅膀。沿船体的上升的气流和沿航线向前的气流给这种巨翼大鸟以充足的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飞行的鸟类，它能自如地驾驭空气，但必须顺气流飞行。与滑翔鸟相对的另一类鸟中，数野鸭本领。它更近乎于人类自夸的“征服”了空气的发动机。野鸭及它们相似的鸽子有天赋的钢铁般的肌肉，占了体重的很大一部分。这些肌肉以巨大的力量扇动短小的翅膀，使这类鸟能顶着大风飞行很远的路才会疲劳。次于野鸭和鸽子的鸟，如鹧鸪，有相似的巨大推动力，但很快会疲劳。如果海风驱使它们飞行很长距离，你能够捡到一些因筋疲力尽而摔下来的鹧鸪。燕子充分兼有这两类鸟的长处，它既不疲劳，也不炫耀自己的飞翔力;在空中十分自如，能够飞行6，000英里，能够飞往北方做窝的老家，再从老家飞回;一边飞一边喂养会飞的雏燕，甚至在顶风时也能在气流中滑翔，似乎气流在帮它前进。这些鸟对我们是有益的，虽然我们不再从它们的飞翔姿态来占卜吉凶，连最迷信的村民也不再对喜鹊脱帽行礼，祝它早安了。 Lesson24 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 What do glimpses of beauty, either in nature or art, often suggest to the human mind? A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe; for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another. That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods, Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. Beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless. C.E.M.JOAD Pieces of Mind 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 intense adj. 强烈的 aesthetic adj. 审美的 realm n. 世界 serenity n. 静谧 undeniable adj. 不可否认的 indefinable adj. 模糊不清的 vulgar adj. 平庸的 radiance n. 发光 intimation n. 暗示 unutterable adj. 不可言传的 invest v. 赋予 【课文注释】 1. catch a glimpse of 瞥见，瞥一眼 例句： We can catch a glimpse of the downtown districts. 我们能够瞥见市区。 2. in some way higher in some way是“在某种水准上”， higher与前面different and 是并列的，做realm of existence 的定语。 例句： I may be able to help you in some way. 我也许能够从某个方面去协助你。 in a way “从某种意义上” 例句： In a way they played a vanguard role. 在某种意义上说，他们起了先锋的作用。 3. yet do they convey a hint of beauty do起强调作用，放在主语之前更具有强调的意义。 convey vt. 表达， 传达， 运输， 转移 例句： I find it hard to convey my feelings in word. 我觉得难以用言语表达我的感情。 vt. 律让与 例句： The farm was conveyed to his son. 那块农田让给了他的儿子。 【词义辨析】 bring, carry, take, fetch, get, convey, transport 这些动词均有“带、拿、取”之意。 bring： 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。 carry： 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。 take： 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。 fetch： 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。 get： 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。 convey： 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。 transport： 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。 a hint of 少许，一点点 例句： There was more than a hint of sadness in his voice. 他的声音里有很多哀伤的成分。 4. be fitted to 例句： The policy should be fitted to a new situation. 这项政策必须适合新形势。 5. undeniable (not possible to deny) adj. 不可否认的， 无可辩驳的 例句： But two-digit growth is undeniable. 但两位数的涨幅是不可否认的。 What was undeniable was the wide appeal of this popular humour. 无可否认的是这种大众幽默非常受人欢迎。 6. In some moods Nature shares it. 在某种状态下，大自然也具有这种力量。it是指前面一句中this power of suggesting a world beyond。