定语从句定义分类以及练习

Theattributiveclause定语从句,要了解定语从句，我们先得明白定语是啥，如果我给介绍一个人或者描述一样东西，以介绍一个人为例，如果我说是个女孩，那么你头脑中的对我介绍的人印象清晰么，应该就一女孩轮廓，但如果我说一个漂亮的，穿着红色衣服的，站在站台上的，那么你对这个人印象是不是逐渐清晰了，这里漂亮的，红色的，站在站台上的便是定语。我们看看例子先aprettygirl/agirlinred/agirlstandingintheplatformagirlwhoisstandingintheplatformislucky上例中打彩色部分便都是定语，定语通常是修饰名词，如果定语是一个词并且能完整表达一个意思，定语便放在被修饰词前面，否则就放后面，请观察pretty是一个词，便是放前面的，这是你也许会说，aprettylittlegirl，pretty和little不是两个词，怎么就放被修饰词前面了呢，一定要注意，pretty和little都是一个并且是各自能表达完整意思。上例中彩色部分都是定语，定语可以是一个形容词（pretty），可以是介词短语（inred），也可以是分词短语（standingintheplatform），也可以是一个句子（whoisstandingintheplatform），而当定语从句是一个句子时，这个句子呢，就是定语从句。,由于定语从句是一个句子，毫无疑问，必定不可能是一个词，所以都是放在被修饰词的后面，我们还给这个被修饰的词起了个名字，先行词，因为修饰她的句子还在后面，她先出现的。然后我们在说说这定语从句，在英语中呢有个规定就是一个句子中有且只能有一个谓语，就好比我们人呢只能有一个心脏。（事物是普遍联系的），那我们人啥时候可能会有两个心脏呢？。对了，有宝宝的时候，男同胞貌似目前不可能哈，那么句子有个子句的时候便可以有两个谓语了，这时候我们便需要一个东西来标志其子句特征，人类呢是以大肚子，从句便以她的关系代词。我们例子中的who便是关系代词，这个关系我们也可以理解成人类的脐带，将子句和母句联系到一起。所以这关系代词也是紧挨着先行词的。所以偶们先要搞清楚啥是定语从句，啥是先行词，啥是关系代词。咱再琢磨这定语从句如何用。,ExplanationtoAttributiveclause,定语从句:是指在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。,引导定语从句的关系词,指代人指代事物所属关系指地点指时间指原因,who,whom,thatwhich,thatwhose,ofwhichwherewhenwhy,关系代词,关系副词,关系代词引导的定语从句1.Thewomanwhoistalkingtomymotherisafriendofhers.2.Theboywhomwemetinthestreetyesterdayismyclassmate.MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing.Theknifewhichweusedtocutthebreadisverysharp.ThisisoneofthemostinterestingfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.Ihavegotintothesametroubleashehas.,关系副词引导的定语从句Istillrememberthedaywhenshefirstworethatpinkdress.Thebuildingwherewelived20yearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Doyouknowthereasonwhyshegotsoangryyesterday?,关系代词，关系副词的选用1，取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后不用宾语，用关系副词。而及物动词要跟宾语，则用关系代词。Illneverforgetthedayswhenweworkedtogether.Illneverforgetthedayswhich/thatIspentwithyou.Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlastyear.,2.判断关系词在定语从句中的成分关系词必须在定语从句中作成分，因此“缺什么成分就填什么成分”。关系词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语或定语，选择关系代词。关系词在句中作状语，选关系副词。Thismuseumistheonethatyouvisitedafewdaysago.Thisisthemuseumwheretheexhibitionwasheld.,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句Thefarmonwhichmycousinonceworkedhastakenanewlook.Thereasonforwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.ThemantowhomIspokejustnowismyEnglishteacher.BecauseofthetrafficjaminwhichIwascaught,Iwaslateforthemeeting.ThetwothingsofwhichtheyfeltproudwereJimswatchandDellashair.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsonberepaired.Waterisathingwithoutwhichfishcannotswim.,where,why,Whosedoor/ofwhichthedoor,关系副词与“介词+关系代词”的转换通常情况下，when=in/on/duringwhichwhere=in/at/onwhichwhy=forwhichEg:1.whatstheyearwhen/inwhichChinafirstlaunchedherman-madesatellite?2.Itistheveryplacewhere/atwhichImetyoulasttime.3.hewouldnevertellmethereasonwhy/forwhichtheybrokeup.,1.Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.Aplaneisamachine_canfly.,that/which,Jointhefollowingsentences:,2.ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday._wesawyesterdayisMary.,Thegirl,3.ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday._wesawyesterdayisMary.,Thegirlthat/who/whom,1.Nothing_canbedonehasntbeendone.2.Doyouhaveanything_youdontunderstand?,that,that,1.that与which,先行词是everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词,引导定语从句用that。,3.ThisisthebestTV_ismadeinChina.4.Thefirstmuseum_hevisitedinChinawastheHistoryMuseum.,that,that,先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,引导定语从句用that。,5.Ivereadallthebooks_youlentme.,that,先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时,引导定语从句用that。,6.Thefamouswriterandhisworks_theradiobroadcasthavearousedgreatinterestamongthestudents.7.Avictimisaperson,animalorthing_sufferspain,death,harm,etc.,that,that,先行词中既有人又有事物时,引导定语从句用that。,8.Who_youhaveeverseencandoitbetter?,that,Who做先行词时,引导定语从句用that。,9.Herbag,in_sheputallhermoney,hasbeenstolen.10.Thisistheringon_shespent1000dollars.11.XiaoWang,with_Iwenttotheconcert,enjoyeditverymuch.,which,which,whom,在介词后面,指事物用which,指人用whom。,whose引导的定语从句表示所属关系,1.Theriver_banksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.,whose,2.whose的用法,2.Thereare20students,_aredifferentinthisclass.A.whosebackgroundsB.ThebackgroundsofwhomC.ofwhomthebackgroundsD.thebackgroundsofwhose,1.Theearthisround,_weallknow._isknowntoall,theearthisround._isknowntoallthattheearthisround.,as,As,It,3.as的用法,定语从句在句首时只能用as,as具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的。,2.ThisisthesamebookasIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.这本书就是我丢的那本。,3.Thisissuchaninterestingbook_wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_wealllike.以上两句为定语从句。意为：这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。,as,as,4.Thisissuchaninterestingbook_wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook_wealllikeit.,that,that,这两句话是结果状语从句。意为这本书如此有趣,大家都喜欢。,5.Itisveryusefultomasteraforeignlanguage,_hasbeensaidbefore.,which,6._everyonehoped,Maryhaswonthefirstprize.,As,as引导定语从句可放在句首、句中、句末,而which引导定语从句不能放在句首。as译为正如,好像。which则没有此义。,Illneverforgettheday_wefirstmetinthepark.Illneverforgetthetime_Ispentwithyou.(3)Illneverforgetthetime_wasspentwithyou.(4)Thisisthemuseum_Ivisitedlastyear.,when,(whichthat),whichthat,(whichthat),4.when,where,why与that,which的区别,指时间,地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语,用which或that引导定语从句。,Thisisthereason_(=forwhich)Ididntcomehere.Thereason_shegavewasnottrue.,why,which/that,Heistheonlyoneinhisclasswho_(have)gottheteacherspraise.Heisoneofthestudentsinhisclasswho_(have)gottheteacherspraise.,has,have,5.定语从句中的谓语动词,关系词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于先行词。,1.Thisisthecar_whichIboughtlastyear.2.Thisisthecar_whichIpaid100$.3.Thisisthecar_whichIspent100$.4.Thisisthecar_whichIgotoworkeveryday.5.Thisisthecar_whichIcantgotowork.,for,on,by,without,Completethefollowingsentences,/,by,at,about,of,6.Thisisthecar_whichtheoldmanwasknockeddown7.Thisisthecar_whichaboythrewastone.8.Thisisthecar_whichwetalked.9.Thisisthecar_whichthewindowwasbroken.10.Thisisthebook_whichyouasked.TheoldmanwhomIamlookingafterisbetter.,for,注意:动词短语不能拆开即介词不提前,4.(10,福建卷24).StephenHawkingbelievesthattheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanets_lifehasdevelopedgradually.thatB.whereC.whichD.whose5.(10,湖南卷28)Ivebecomegoodfriendwithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool_ImeetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.whoB.whereC.whenD.which6.(10,江苏卷32).Thenewlybuiltcaf,thewallsof_arepaintedlightgreen,isreallyapeacefulplaceforus,speciallyafterhardwork.A.thatB.itC.whatD.which,B,A,D,12.(10,重庆卷28).InChina,thenumberofcities_increasingdevelopmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.A.whereB.whichC.whoseD.that13.(10,浙江卷3).Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyof_lefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.A.whomB.whichC.themD.those,C,A,14.(10,上海卷38).Windpowerisanancientsourceofenergy_wemayreturninthenearfuture.onwhichB.bywhichC.towhichD.fromwhich15.(09全国1)Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneof_Ihadevermetbefore.A.themB.whoC.whomD.these,C,C,16.(09全国2)Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,_wasveykindofhim.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it17.(09,北京)-Whatdoyouthinkofteaching,Bob?-Ifinditfunandchallenging.Itisajob_youaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that,A,A,Thenon-definingattributiveclause-非限定性定语从句,A.Theoldmanthatyoumetattheschoolgateisaprofessor.B.Theoldmanisaprofessor,whoisover80yearsold.A.ThetemplewhichwevisitedlastweekdatesfromtheSongDynasty.B.Thetemple,whichisaplaceofinterestinourhometown,datesfromSongdynasty.,1.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。,例如：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.,2.非限制性定语从句可以将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没明白我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.vpren液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。,3.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as，which，who，whom，whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when，where等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。Asweallknow,badpeoplewillbepunishedsoonerorlater.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasalovelygarden.,Asweallknow,whichIboughtlastyear,Iwouldliketoelecthim,whoIthinkisthebesttobeourmonitor.Mr.Carter,whomIspoketoonthetelephonelastnight,isveryinterestedinourplan.Mary,whosehousewearegoingtorent,isamiddle-agedwoman.HemovedtoGermanyinthelate1990s,whenhewasinhissixties.YesterdayIwenttothedepartmentstore,whereImetmyteacher.,whoIthinkisthebesttobeourmonitor.,whomIspoketoonthetelephonelastnight,whosehousewearegoingtorent,whenhewasinhissixties.,whereImetmyteacher.,4.as引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代主句的全部或部分内容。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主、被动语态句。ashasbeensaidabove如上所述asanybodycansee正如人人看到的那样Thingsarenotalways(things)astheyappear.事情并不总像外表看到的那样。Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth众所周知，月球每个月绕地球一圈。,Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravels.WhatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsMike,asweexpected,attendedthemeeting像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。Hewasntunconscious,ascouldbejudgedfromhiseyes他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。,4.which引导非限制性定语从句的情况:指代主句的全部或部分内容时，有“这就使得、这一点”等意思，常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。A.Shewasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,which,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappyB.Iforgothistelephonenumber,whichfailedmetogetintouchwithhim.C.HehasbeentoParisseveraltimes,whichIdontbelieve.,5.as，which有时可以通用。Heisquitepleased,as/whichcanbeseenfromhisface他非常高兴，从他的表情可以看出来。但是，上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时，就只能用as。Asanybodycansee,theearthisround.像任何人都能看见那样，地球是圆的。,定语从句的省略。Englishattributiveclausescanbereducedtovariousphrasessuchasparticiplephrases,adjectivephrases,nounphrases,prepositionalphrasesandinfinitivephrases.有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。我们称这一语现象为定语从句的省略。,1.省略为分词短语：有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词（who,which,that）和部分谓语（am,is,are,Were）等，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语。例如：（1）Iknowthemen(whoare)sittinginthatcar.（2）Theboyshelpedthepeople(thatwere)hurtintheaccident.,2.定语从句可简化为“介词+which+不定式”Dellahasonly1.87dollarswithwhichshecanbuyapresentforherhusband.=Dellahasonly1.87dollarswithwhichtobuyapresentforherhusband.Withoutfacts,wecantformagoodopinion,forweneedknowledgeupon/onwhichwebaseourthinking.=Withoutfacts,wecantformagoodopinion,forweneedknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.,3.可简化为形容词短语或介词短语.Theboywhoisinredismyson.=Theboyinredismyson.Theheavyboxwhichisfullofoldbooksismine.=Theheavyboxfullofoldbooksismine.,Thesecondbook_IwanttoreadistheWaterMarginbyShiNaian.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.as2.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which,Exercises,B,D,3.Donttalkaboutsuchthings_youarenotsureof.A.thoseB.thatC.whatD.as4.Iwillneverforgetthoseyears_Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,_hasagreateffortonmylife.A.that;whichB.when;whichC.which;thatD.when;who,D,B,5.Donttalkaboutsuchthingsof_youarenotsure.A.whichB.whatC.asD.those6.Isthisthefactory_youvisitedtheotherday?thatB.whereC.inwhichD.theone7.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces_couldntbefound.A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.inthat8.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature_waterchangesintoice.A.atwhichB.onthatC.inwhichD.ofwhat9.Isthisfactory_someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone,C,A,A,A,D,10.Isthisthefactory_heworkedtenyearsago?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone11.Thereasonis_heisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.whether12.Illtellyou_hetoldmelastweek.allwhichB.thatC.allthatD.which13.Thattree,_branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.A.whoseB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich14.Ihaveboughtthesamedress_sheiswearing.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what,B,C,C,A,A,15.Weretalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist_wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that16.Thegirl_anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTomssister.A.whoissingingB.issingingC.sangD.wassinging17.Those_notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.A.learnB.whoC.thatlearnsD.wholearn18.Anyone_thisopinionmayspeakout.A.thatagainstB.thatagainstC.whoisagainstD.whoareagainst,D,A,D,C,19.Didntyouseetheman_?A.InoddedjustnowB.whomInoddedjustnowC.InoddedtohimjustnowD.Inoddedtojustnow20.Canyoulendmethenovel_theotherday?A.thatyoutalkedB.youtalkedaboutitC.whichyoutalkedwithD.youtalkedabout21.Isthereanything_toyou?A.thatisbelongedB.thatbelongsC.thatbelongD.whichbelongs,D,D,B,22.-“Howdoyoulikethebook?”-“Itsquitedifferentfrom_Ireadlastmonth.”A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.theonewhat23.Mr.Zhanggavethetextbooktoallthepupilsexcept_whohadalreadytakenthem.A.theonesB.onesC.someD.theothers24.Thetrain_shewastravelingwaslate.whichB.whereC.onwhichD.inthat25.Hehaslostthekeytothedrawer_thepapersarekept.A.whereB.inwhichC.underwhichD.which,C,A,C,B,26.Antarctic_weknowverylittleiscoveredwiththickicealltheyearround.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.aboutwhich27.Itsthethirdtime_latethismonth.A.thatyouarrivedB.whenyouarrivedC.thatyouvearrivedD.whenyouvearrived28.Itwasin1969_theAmericanastronautsucceededinlandingonthemoon.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.inwhich,D,C,A,29.Maythefourthistheday_weChinesepeoplewillneverforget.A.whichB.whenC.onwhichD.aboutwhich30.WearegoingtospendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,_livemygrandparentsandsomerelatives.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.where,A,D,31.Thehotel_duringourholidaysstandsbytheseaside.A.westayedatB.wherewestayedatC.westayedD.inthatwestayed32.Isitinthatfactory_“RedFlag”carsareproduced?A.inwhichB.whereC.whichD.that,A,D,33.(10,四川卷10).Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,_turnedouttobeawisedecision.thatB.whichC.whenD.where34.(10,天津卷8).CanyoubelieveIhadtopay30dollarsforahaircut?Youshouldtrythebarbers_Igo.Itsonly15.asB.whichC.whereD.that,B,C,35(10,全国I24).Asachild,Jackstudiedinavillageschool,_isnamedafterhisgrandfather.whichB.WhereC.WhatD.that36.(10,全国II16).Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething_wassomeoneelsesfault.whoB.thatC.asD.what37.(10,北京卷27).Childrenwhoarenotactiveor_dietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.A.whatB.whoseC.whichD.that,A,B,B,38.(10,江西卷31)Thegirlarrangedtohavepianolessonsatthetrainingcentrewithhersister_shewouldstayforanhour.A.whereB.whoC.whichD.what39.(10,山东卷24).Thatsthenewmachine_partsaretoosmalltobeseen.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what40.(10,陕西卷11).Theoldtemple_roofwasdamagedinstormisnowunderrepair.A.whereB.whichC.itsD.whose,A,C,D,改错,1.ThisisthelongesttrainwhichIhaveeverseen.2.Whichweallknow,swimmingisaverygoodsport.3.IshallneverforgetthoseyearswhichIlivedinthefarmwhichyouvisitedlastweek.4.TheradiosetwhichIboughtitlastweekhasgonewrong.5.Hepaidtheboy10Yuanforwashingtenwindows,mostofthemhadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.6.Thedaywillcomewhichthepeopleallovertheworldwillwinliberation.,that,As,when,去掉,which,onwhich/when,7.Mr.HerpinisoneoftheforeignexpertswhoisworkinginChina.8.Theytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsandpersonswhotheyrememberedintheschool.9.Myglasses,withwhichIwaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.10.Heisamanofgreatexperience,fromwhomuchcanbelearned.11.Ihaveboughtthesamedresswhichsheisweari