自考英美文学选读课件(超级完整版)

,AnthologyofEnglishandAmericanLiterature,英美文学选读,Whatisliterature?Isitnecessaryorimportantinmodernsociety?什么是文学？今天我们还需要文学吗？,主讲内容,一、考试主要题型、特点和应考策略；二、以讲解关键词的方法作全书梳理，包括各个时期重要的文学理念，核心观点；三、结合真题对重点作家做总结和预测,第一讲,考试题型分析及应考策略,一、考试题型分析1.选择题（40/25）40，22（英国），18（美国），主要考查：基本知识点、理解（10）趋势：选择题难度上升，主观题难度下降。,2.阅读（44)要求指出：A）作者和作品出处（1分）B）作品中具体某个词或词组的确切意义（1分）C）表述该选段的思想内容（2分）。,09年真题,41.WhereforefeedandclotheandsaveFromthecradletothegraveThoseungratefuldroneswhowouldDrainyoursweat-nay,drinkyourblood?Questions:A.Identifythepoetandthetitleofthepoemfromwhichthestanzaistaken.B.WhatfigureofspeechisusedinLine2?C.Whomdoes“drones”referto?,3.简答（64)内容的跨越比较大，既有阅读理解部分的延伸，也有某一时期的文学思潮，还有对某一断代史的简论，答对率非常低。4.讨论（210)考查：文学流派与作家解析，作品主题、人物、情节、叙事方法等分析,二、应试技巧（主观题）基本方法：核心观点+实际问题答题时最好用A,B,C或123等符号将答案分割成几点；英文的书写与拼写语法,做简答题或论述题的答题要点,A.关于历史时期的介绍1时间+来源(0.5分-1分)2历史背景(不需要扩充)(1-2分)3该时期中最重要的创作思想以及影响该时期的大背景(2-3分)4代表作家以及代表作品简介(1分)5影响(0.51分),B.论述题中人物性格分析的答题要点：1利用题目发挥(0.5-1分)2该任务的代表时期，属于哪个阶层(12分)3作品中人物经历的有关情节(23分)4该人物的直接性格分析(12分)5该人物的文学性格分析(34分)6作用影响语言风格等(0.51分),C.论述题中关于作家的分析1利用题目发挥(0.51分)2该作家所处的历史背景(12分)3该作家的语言风格(12分)4该作家说写的典型作品及创作主题(23分)5关于典型作品的有关情节(12分)6影响(0.51分),英美文学选读答题套语,Sb.launchespossiblythesharpestandthefiercestattackupontheveryfoundationsofthecorruptfeudalism/capitalistworld.Thepenetratinghitattheveryheartofcapitalismisdrivenhome.nootherthan=nothingmorethanisdiscernible.Lengthyaccountsaregivento,Sb.perceptivelystatesthatSth.bearssomeresemblancewithdrawsinfluencefrominessenceprolificplayapivotalroleinThesignificanceofliesratherintheportrayalof,Itaffordsthereadersawholegalleryofvividportraitsofthepeopleofallstratum.givesanencyclopediccreationofshowsagenuinesympathyforeverycharacteronescreativefingertouchedcamealiveleavesunforgettableimpressionsonthereadersmind.Thegreathumoristsoftheworldarefewinnumber,andMarkTwainisofthatchoicecompany.,评分标准：1）答出参考答案多数要点且某些要点有较好发挥，可给满分；2)考生答非所问不给分；3）内容和语言综合考虑，语言表达不好的要适当扣分，原则如下：a)语言通顺，表达清楚，语法错误和拼写错误很少，基本根据内容评分；b)语言基本通顺，有少数语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的20%；c)语言不通顺，表达不连贯，有较多语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的40%；d)语言很不通顺，无法表达连贯的意思，扣该题分值的60%。,常考不衰的重点：文艺复兴的文学特色及其核心作家；英国浪漫主义与美国浪漫主义；自然主义；意象主义；现实主义；现代主义（英国）必考的作家：Shakespeare;Milton;Defoe;Fielding;Shelley;Austen;Dickens;Hardy;T.S.Eliot;Hawthorne;Whitman；MarkTwain;Dreiser;Pound;Hemingway;Faulkner,考过的是否会重考？1.任何考题都有可能在其他题型中重考；2.选择题有可能重考；3.考过的问答题不会重考，但同一作家可重考；,复习建议：把握英国重点部分，死记美国所有部分1）思考，理解；2)比较记忆和联想记忆；关键词个章节时代介绍；重要引语；作家作品名称的拼写；参考资料：原教材辅导书，近5年真题,最新考纲要求,调整后的英美文学选读自学考试大纲将于2009年4月考试试行。一、关于考核知识点的调整考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。二、关于考核要求的调整考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整；“该时期的重要作家”只包含对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核。,5分钟巧记所有作家,英国小沙弥在看非州的Swift吹笛子,布来克/澳雪(在旁边)华华叫,(吵得)狄更斯和哈代不得安宁,(气得)萧伯纳踢死(T.S)了劳伦斯美国挥霍的梅姑娘.(看见)James骑马D答D答响,(后面跟着)肥仔老罗和发福的海明威,大纲调整后的特点,二、大纲调整后的特点（一）新大纲更加突出了英美各个文学时期的时代特点。如：文艺复兴时期的戏剧和诗史，浪漫主义时期的诗歌等。从这个意义上讲，命题的重点突出了。（二）新大纲中考核的作家，都是每一个文学时期文学潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是对该时期文学的发展起到决定作用的作家。从这个意义上讲，命题的焦点集中了。（三）新大纲中所保留的作家的作品大多是广大考生耳熟能详的作品，从这个意义上讲，考试的难度降低了。三、大纲调整后的复习方法（一）概述：考试大纲调整以后，可命题的作家的数量减少了，但命题的深度会增加；同时，由于作家数量的减少，这也意味着在每一章的概述部分和作品选读部分的命题点会增多。（二）每章概述部分的复习重点在对这部分的复习中，重点关注每一个文学时期的界定以及其标志性事件；另外每一个文学时期的时代特点和突出文学成就也是考查的重点，还有本时期同时存在的文学流派的特点也是重点内容。（三）每章重点作家的复习重点作家的文学史上的地位和贡献；作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社会现实；作家的写作风格和写作特点也是命题的重点。（四）每章作品选读的复习重点作品选读前面的斜体字部分的简介和概括；作品中的名句；作品选读中的注释部分，小说作品中的人物关系。,第二讲,英美文学的发展脉络,TheRenaissancePeriod,1)Itmarksatransitionfrom_tothe_world.2)Itreferstotheperiodbetween_and_.3)a)revivalorrediscoveryofancientGreekandRomanculture;b)introductionofHumansim;c)newideasprosandconsintheinterestoftherisingbourgeoisie;d)thedevelopmentofearlyscience;e)thereligiousReformationorreligiousstruggleinthefolklife;f）theshapingofnationalism.,Humanisma)Emphasisofmanandindividual,manisthemeasureofallthings;b)HumaniststrytoexalthumannatureandregardhumanbeingsasgloriouscreaturescapableofIndividualdevelopmenttowardperfectionwithlifetoquestion,exploreandenjoy;c)Emphasisofhumanvalues,dignity,ambitionsandthepresentliferatherthantheafterlife.,TheAchievementoftheElizabethanDrama,1)ItistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.ItisnotuntiltheElizabethanage,undertheinfluenceoftheRenaissance,thatdramawasdevelopedintoamatureartform.Andgreatdramatistslike_,_,_appearedonthestage;2)Byimitatingtheromances,embracingthemysteriesofGermanlegend,andcombingthepoeticfancywiththefactsofdailylife,theymadeavividdepictionofthesharpconflictsbetweenfeudalismandtherisingbourgeoisie;3)Thedrama,with_asthemaster,standsoutasamonumentoftheRenaissance,whichisunrivaledforpurecreativepowerbyanyotherproductofthatepoch.,Representatives:Chaucer:_Spenser:_Marlowe：_Shakespeare:_Bacon:_JohnDonne:_JohnMilton:_,TheNeoclassicalPeriod,Startsfrom_to_.The18thcenturyEnglandisalsoknownastheageof_ortheageof_.Howtodefine1TheEnlightenmentMovement2.Neoclassicism3.theRealisticNovelWhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?,Neoclassicism,1)Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekB.Theliterarysources:TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.,C.Theliteraryviews:(1)arebellionagainstneo-classicism(2)expressonimagination(3)prioritiesbeengiventopassion,emotionandfeeling(4)beingclosetonatureforitspuritywhilethesocietyiscorrupting(5)tremendousinterestinsomethingremoteintermofspaceandtime(6)supremacyoffreedom,3.Literaryforms:A.PoetryA).TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.,B).Theoryofpoetrya.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.b.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy,thebelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.,c.Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.d.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic.,B.ProseTheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb,andDeQuinceyweretheleadingfigures.,C.NovelA).Austenisofthe18th-centuryinhermoraloutlook.Herviewoflifeisatotallyrealisticone.Themajorthemeofhernovelsisloveandmarriage.B).WalterScottisthemostpopularnovelistofhisday.Waverley,OldMartality,TheHeartofMidlothian,RobRoy,andIvanhoeareamongthemostpopularonesofhisnovels.Heisthefirstmajorhistoricalnovelist.,C).Gothicnovel:a.Nature:Gothicnovel,atypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelateeighteenthcentury,wasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement.b.Subjectmatters:Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror,andthesupernatural.c.Works:WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolphobyAnnRadcliffeandFrankensteinbyMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.,D.DramaShelleysPrometheusUnboundandTheCenci,ByronsManfredandColeridgesRemorsearegenerallyregardedasthebestverseplaysduringthisperiod.,HowisRomanticismdifferentfromNeoclassicism?,a.Neoclassicistsupheldthatartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliterature,shouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity,andthus,literaryexpressionsshouldbeofproportion,unity,harmonyandgrace.b.Romanticismtendedtoseetheindividualastheverycenterofallexperience,includingart,andthus,literaryworkshouldbe“spontaneousoverflowofstrongoffeeling”thevalueoftheworklinkliedintheaccuracyofpresentingthoseuniquefeelingsandparticularaltitude.c.Inaword,NeoclassicismemphasizedrationalityandformbutRomanticismattachedgreatimportancetotheindividualsmind(emotion,imagination,temporaryexperience.),Representatives:WilliamBlake:_WilliamWordsworth:_Coleridge:_Byron:_Shelley:_Keats:_Austen:_,TheVictorianPeriod,1.TheVictorianPeriodroughlycoincideswiththereignofQueenVictorianfrom1836to1901,themostgloriousintheEnglishhistory.2.Towardsthemid-19thcentury,Englandhadreacheditshighlypointofdevelopmentasaworldpower.3.DarwinsTheoriginofspeciesandTheDescentofManshooktheoreticalbasicoftraditionalfaith.4.FamousnovelistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackery,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,Mrs.GaskellandAnthonyTrollope.,WhatarethecharacteristicsofVictorianliterature?,Asaproductofitsage,itnaturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeopleslifeandthought.Victorianliteraturehasthehigh-spirtedvitality,thedown-to-earthearnestness,thegood-naturedhumorandunboundedimaginationareallunprecedented.,WhatwerethecommonthingssharedbythenovelistsofVictorianPeriod?,Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,thenovelistsofthisagesharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutiions,thedecayingsocialmorality.,WhatweretheliterarycharacteristicsofEnglishcriticalrealism?,Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcentury,flourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties;ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint;Therealistsnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltheruiningclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.HumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Thecriticalrealistsdidnot,duetotheirworldoutlook,andcouldnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.,Representatives:Dickens:_TheBronteSisters:_Tennyson:_RobertBrowning:_GeorgeEliot:_ThomasHardy:_,TheModernPeriod,Thesocial,ideologicalbackgroundoftheModernEnglishLiterature:TheinfluencesofthetwoWorldWarsonEnglishliterature;Ideologically,theriseoftheirrationalphilosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincitedmodernwriterstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.So,aftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared.AftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathattheworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony.,2.WhatisModernism?A)Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury;B)Modernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism;C)Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase;D)Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.,WhatarethebasiccharacteristicsofModernisminliterature?,Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.OnecharacteristicofEnglishModernismisthedehumanizationofart.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingledtogetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.,WhydowesayModernismisareactionagainstRealism?,Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism.A)Itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;B)Byadvocatingafreeexperimentationonnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryandanti-drama.,HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishPoetry?,The20thcenturyhaswitnessedagreatachievementinEnglishpoetry.A.Intheearlyyears,thepoemsofPoundandEliotandYeatsmarkedtheriseof“ModernPoetry”,whichwasarevolutionagainsttheconventionalideasandformsoftheVictorianpoetry;B.Withthecomingofthe1950s,therewasareturnofrealisticpoetryagain,advocatingreason,moraldisciplineandtraditionalforms.,HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishnovels?,Thefirstthreedecadesof20thcenturyweregoldenyearsofthemodernistnovel.Instimulatingthetechnicalinnovationsofnovelcreation,thetheoryoftheFreudianandJungianpsycho-analysisplayedaparticularlyimportantrole.Oneoftheremarkablefeaturesoftheirwritingswastheircontinuousexperimentationonnewandsophisticatedtechniquesinnovelwriting,whichmadetremendousimpactsonthecreationofbothrealisticandmodernistnovelsinthiscentury.Modernistnovelscametoadeclineinthe1930s,AftertheSecondWorldWar,modernismhadanotherupsurgewiththeriseofexistentialismwhichwasreflectedmainlyindrama.,Thedevelopmentof20thcenturyEnglishdrama.,A.Themostcelebrateddramatistsinthelastdecadeofthe19thcenturywereOscarWildeandGeorgeBernardShaw,who,inasense,pioneeredthemoderndrama,thoughtheydidnotmakesomanyinnovationsintechniquesandformsasmodernistpoetsornovelists.B.The1930switnessedarevivalofpoeticdramainEngland.OneoftheearlyexperimenterswasT.S.Eliotwhoregardeddramaasthebestmediumofpoetry.C.TheEnglishdramaticrevolution,whichcameinthe1950sundervariousEuropeanandAmericaninfluences,developedintwodirections:theworking-classdramaandtheTheaterofAbsurd.,Representatives:BernardShaw:_Galsworthy:_Yeats:_T.S.Eliot:_Lawrence:_JamesJoyce:_,AmericanLiterature,TheRomanticPeriod,TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromthetheendofthe_totheoutbreakof_.Itstartedwiththepublicationof_andendedwith_.Itisalsocalled_.,A.TheRomanticmovementwhichhadflourishedearlierinthecenturybothinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluencewithoutwhichtheupsurgeofAmericanRomanticismwouldhardlyhavebeenpossible.,B.Althoughforeigninfluenceswerestrong,Americanromanticism,exhibitedfromtheveryoutsetdistinctfeaturesofitsown.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”.C.PuritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.D.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementintheperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.,美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式:Varied多样,Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾Romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandmanssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。,WhatisTranscendentalism?,a)asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。b)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。C）theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。d)itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyoullbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.f)representatives：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”,Representatives:Irving:_Emerson:_Hawthorne:_Whitman:_Melville:_,TheRealisticPeriod,TheAgeofRealism(HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliteraryhistory?)Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.,WhatisRealism?,A)RealismemergedasaliterarymovementinEuropeinthe1850s.B)Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.C)InreactiontoRomanticism,realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Theyinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.D)RealismenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWar.WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJameswerethepioneersofrealismintheU.S.,TheliterarycharacteristicsoftheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliterature.,Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife,therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues.Intheirworks,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.Theyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,c1assstratificationsandmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofmanssub-consciousness.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces,broughttoperfectionthevernacularstyle,andexploredandexploitedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.,WhatisLocalColorism?,“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsof