Hypertension.ppt

Hypertension,高血压病,WhatIsHypertension?,Hypertension(HTN)isachronicmedicalconditioninwhichthebloodpressureinthearteriesiselevated(提高的).Highbloodpressureisoftencalledasilentkillerbecausemanypeoplehaveitbutdontknowit.Overtime,peoplewhodonotgettreatedforhighbloodpressurecangetverysickorevendie.,Diagnosis,Bloodpressure:Bloodpressurereadingsareusuallygivenastwonumbers-Thetopnumberiscalledthesystolicbloodpressure,andthebottomnumberiscalledthediastolicbloodpressure.Height,weightandwaist(腰围):Thewiderthewaistis,theshorteryourlifeisCardiopulmonaryexamination(心肺检查)andneurologicalexamination(神经系统检查):toknowwhetheryouhavethecardiovascularcomplications(心脑血管并发症),Urineroutine(尿常规):Ifthereisanemia(贫血),hematuria(血尿),itshouldbeconsideredasrenalhypertensionorhypertensionleadstosevererenaldamage.Bloodbiochemical(血生化):Lowserumpotassium(低血钾)mayleadtosecondaryhypertensionElectrocardiogramECG(心电图):knowwhetherhypertensionleadstoCardiachypertrophy(心肌肥厚),arrhythmia(心律失常)pressure.Retinopathy(视网膜病变),Diagnosis,Hypertension,EssentialHypertension原发性高血压（高血压病）9095%,SecondaryHypertension继发性高血压510%,primaryoressentialhypertension:highbloodpressurewithnoobviousunderlying(潜在的,根本的)medicalcause.SecondaryHypertension:Highbloodpressurethatiscausedbyanothermedicalcondition(医疗条件)ormedication(药物)thataffectthekidneys,arteries,heartorendocrinesystem.,PrimaryorEssentialHypertension,BenignHypertension(ChronicHypertension)良性/缓进性高血压,MalignantHypertension(AcceleratedHypertension)恶性/急进性高血压,ClassificationOfHypertension,PathologicalChanges(病变),HypertensionSymptoms,Leftventricleinhypertensiveheartdisease.,Primarygranular(grnjl,颗粒状的)atrophy(trfi:,萎缩)ofthekidney（原发性颗粒性固缩肾）,Arteriolar(:tiriul,小动脉的)nephrosclerosis(nefrsklirusis)（细动脉性肾硬化）,hypertensivecerebralhemorrhage（高血压病脑出血）,Hypertensiveretinopathy(retinpi,视网膜病变),Complications(并发症),Whenbloodpressureisnotwellcontrolled,youareatriskfor:Bleedingfromtheaorta(e:t,主动脉出血),thelargebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtotheabdomen(bdmn),pelvis(pelvs),andlegs(给腹部、骨盆和腿部供血的大血管)Chronickidneydisease(慢性肾疾病)Heartattackandheartfailure(心脏病和心力衰竭)Poorbloodsupplytothelegs(下肢供血不足)Stroke(中风/脑卒中)Problemswithyourvision(视觉障碍),Treatment,TheDASHDietpayattentiontodietregulation,eatthefoodwithlowsaltandlowanimalfat,avoidcholesterol-richfoodsDrugtherapy(药物治疗)Diuretics(dajuretk)(利尿药)CalciumChannelBlockers(钙通道阻滞剂)Beta-blockers(-阻断剂)ACE（angiotensin-convertingenzyme）Inhibitors(nhbt(r)(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)Exercise,Prevention,Adultsover18shouldhavetheirbloodpressurecheckedregularly.Lifestylechangesmayhelpcontrolyourbloodpressure.Exerciseoften.Eatfoodslowinsalt.Loseweightorkeepweightatahealthylevel.Donotsmoke.Limitalcohol.,atrophytrfi:,萎缩PathologyAwastingordecreaseinsizeofabodyorgan,tissue,orpartowingtodisease,injury,orlackofuse:muscularatrophyofapersonaffectedwithparalysis.Awastingaway,deterioration,ordiminution:intellectualatrophy.Theculturallifeofthecountrywillsinkintoatrophyunlessmorewritersandartistsemerge.如果没有更多的作家和艺术家出现，这个国家的文化生活将衰退。Ifyouallowyourmindtostagnate,thisparticulartalentwillatrophy.如果你老不用脑，那么这一特殊才能就会退化。,WORDLIST,granulargrnjl,颗粒状的BiologyContaininggranules:granularcells.Composedorappearingtobecomposedofgranulesorgrains.Havingagrainytexture.1.ObjectiveToinvestigatetheantipyretic,analgesicandantiinflammatoryeffectsofxiaoerkanggangranular.目的观察小儿抗感颗粒的解热、镇痛、抗炎作用.2.Themucosawasthinned、flattened,rugalfoldsbecameflattened,surfaceofmucosaappearedfinegranular.肉眼,胃粘膜薄而平滑,皱襞变浅,有的几乎消失,粘膜表面呈细颗粒状,偶有出血及糜烂.,WORDLIST,Arteriolar:tiriul,小动脉的Oneofthesmallterminalbranchesofanartery,especiallyonethatconnectswithacapillaryThearteriolarwallismarkedlythickenedandthelumenisnarrowed.动脉壁明显增厚，管腔狭窄。Retinalarteriolartortuositywithretinalhemorrhagewasfirstdescribedin1958.视网膜小动脉弯曲合并复发性视网膜出血在1958第一次被提出。,WORDLIST,nephrosclerosisnefrsklirusis,细动脉性肾硬化kidneydiseasethatisusuallyassociatedwithhypertension;sclerosisoftherenalarteriolesreducesbloodflowthatcanleadtokidneyfailureandheartfailureInmalignantnephrosclerosis,thekidneydemonstratesfocalsmallhemorrhages.恶性肾硬化时,肾脏出现局灶性出血.,WORDLIST,retinopathyretinpi,视网膜病变Apathologicaldisorderoftheretina.Objective:Tostudytheperioperativenursingofelderlyproliferativediabeticretinopathy.目的：探讨老年增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的围手术期护理方法。Diabetesretinopathy(DRP)isoneofseverecomplicationsofmicrovasculatures.糖尿病视网膜病变(DRP)是糖尿病(DM)的严重微血管并发症之一。,WORDLIST,Diuretics(dajuretk,利尿药)Asubstanceordrugthattendstoincreasethedischargeofurine.Somediureticscancausefatigue.某些利尿剂能引起疲倦。Wevementionedcalciumchannelblockersanddiuretics,whataboutbeta-blockers?我们提到了钙通道阻滞剂和利尿剂，那么受体阻滞剂呢？,WORDLIST,ACEInhibitors(nhbt(r),血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)Onethatinhibits,asasubstancethatretardsorstopsachemicalreactionShouldACEInhibitorsbecombinedwithAngiotensinIIReceptorAntagonists?ACE抑制剂应与血管紧张素受体拮抗剂合用吗?ACEinhibitorsarerecommendedformostpeoplewithdiabetes,highbloodpressure,andkidneydisease.ACE抑制剂会推荐给糖尿病患者,高血压患者和肾病患者.,WORDLIST,Medicalwords:,Obesity（bi:sti:肥胖症）nternallynt:nl,在体内地granular(grnjl,颗粒状的)atrophy(trfi:,萎缩)Arteriolar(:tiriul,小动脉的)nephrosclerosis(nefrsklirusis,肾硬化）Basalganglia(beislli,基底神经节)retinopathy(retinpi,视网膜病变)aorta(e:t,主动脉)Diuretics(dajuretk)(利尿药)ACEInhibitors(nhbt(r)(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)Nodular(ndjul,结节性)abdomen(bdmn)(腹部)pelvis(pelvs)(骨盆)Therapy(erpi)(治疗，疗法),Hypertension高血压Amedicalconditioninwhichapersonhasveryhighbloodpressure.ConcentrichypertrophyAhypertrophicgrowthofaholloworganwithoutoverallenlargement,inwhichthewallsoftheorganarethickenedanditscapacityorvolumeisdiminished.向心肥大是中空器官没有整体的肥厚性增长扩大,器官是增厚的墙壁和它的容量或体积减少。Primarygranularatrophyofthekidney原发性颗粒性固缩肾Bilateralrenalvolumesmaller,lighterweight,texturehardening,surfaceevenlydiffusefinegranular双侧肾体积缩小，重量减轻，质地变硬，表面呈均匀弥漫的细颗粒状,exersise:,Arteriosclerosis动脉硬化Amedicalconditioninwhichthewallsofyourarteriesbecomehardandthick,soyourbloodcannotflowthroughthemproperly.Hypertensiveencephalopathy高血压脑病Aneurologicaldysfunction