岩土工程和环境岩土工程的回顾及展望

Tounderstandwhereweareandtohelppredictwherewearegoing,itisusefultoreviewwherewehavebeen.,CharlesAugustinCoulomb,MacquornRankine,EVOLUTION,Priorto1940-KarlTerzaghiAfterWorldWarII:Politicalandsocietaldemandsfor:NewstructuresandfacilitiesProtectionandenhancementofenvironmentNewresourcesMitigationofnaturaldisasterrisks,SOILMECHANICSANDFOUNDATIONENGINEERINGEDUCATIONIN1949,Scopeoffieldlimitedmainlyto:SoilClassificationCapillarityandseepageStressanalysisbyelasticityConsolidationandsettlementanalysisShearstrengthSlopestabilityLateralpressuresBearingcapacityShallowanddeepfoundationsEmphasislargelyonsaturatedclaysandsands,DEVELOPMENTSFROM1950-1960,SlopestabilityShearstrengthSoilstructure,causesofclaysensitivityCompactedclaypropertiesPavementdesignSoilstabilizationTransientloading,SlopeFailureinSweden,EffectofDisturbanceonaQuickClay,UndisturbedQuickClayfromDrammen,NorwayWidth=20mm,HeavyRubber-TiredRoller,DEVELOPMENTSFROM1960-1970,Porepressure,effectivestressanalysisPhysico-chemicalphenomenaRockMechanicsComputerapplicationsFiniteelementanalysesSoil-structureinteractionSoildynamicsLiquefactionEarthandrockfilldamsOffshore,coldregion,lunarprojects,MalpassetDamFailure,PortAllenLock,MobileCaissonforArcticExploration,Apollo17LandingSite,DEVELOPMENTSFROM1970-1980,ConstitutivemodelingIn-situtestingExpansivesoilsSoildynamicsCentrifugetestingPartlysaturatedsoilsGeotechnicalearthquakeengineeringUndergroundconstruction,ConstitutiveModeling,CPTTruck,ExpansiveSoil,LowerSanFernandoDamFailure,1971,EisenhowerTunnelConstruction,I-70,DEVELOPMENTSFROM1980-1990,RiskandreliabilityGroundwaterandgeohydrologyGeoenvironmentalengineeringGeosyntheticsEarthreinforcementGroundimprovement,GroundwaterContamination,Industrialwasteshavebeendisposedinmanyways,PlacementofaGeomembrane,ReinforcedEarthWall,Valdez,Alaska,DeepDynamicCompaction,DEVELOPMENTSFROM1990-2000,WastecontainmentSiteremediationSeismicriskmitigationLandreclamationInfrastructureGeophysicalapplicationsGeographicinformationsystems,RumpkeMSWLandfillFailure12.5ha36mheadscarpMax.wastedepthof110mToemoved300min5minutesPre-failureslopeof2.6:1,DownstreamTreatmentatMormonIslandDam,I-15/I-80East/SR-201Junction(ArtistsRendition)SaltLakeCity,MOSTSIGNIFICANTRESEARCHCONTRIBUTIONSFROM19502000INTHEUNITEDKINGDOM,CriticalstatesoilmechanicsSmallstrainandnon-linearstiffnessEffectivestresstriaxialtestingNumericalanalysisCentrifugemodelingEffectsofstructureandfabricResidualstrengthinOCsoilPartiallysaturatedsoilsEffectivestressanalysisofslopesandretainingstructuresFieldmeasurementsattheBRE,SITUATIONATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHENEWMILLENNIUM,SCOPEOFGEOTECHNOLOGY,GeotechnicalengineeringGeologyandengineeringgeologyGeophysicsGeochemistryGeohydrologySeismologyCivilengineeringMiningandmineralengineeringPetroleumengineeringInformationscienceandtechnology,PROJECTSANDPROBLEMS,FoundationsforstructuresofalltypesTransportationinfrastructure(roads,airfields,rail,portsandharbors,underground)LandreclamationSeismicsafetymitigationofseismicriskResourcerecoveryEnergyPreservationandrestorationofoldstructures,TOWEROFPISAIN1957(Speakersgreenautomobileforscale),PROJECTSANDPROBLEMS(cont.),WastedisposalandcontainmentSiteremediationandenvironmentalenhancementSoilandrockasconstructionmaterialsDeepOcean,ColdRegions,SpaceNaturalhazardprotectionandriskreduction(landslides,tornadoes,hurricanes,tsunamis,expansivesoils,floods),NEWTECHNOLOGIESANDMATERIALS,EarthreinforcementDeepsoilmixingJetgroutingCompactiongroutingGeosynthetics,NEWTECHNOLOGIESANDMATERIALS(Cont.),Micro-pilesMicro-tunnelsGeocompositesGeophysicalmethods,INVASIVENESSOFMEASUREMENTS,Satellites,AircraftHelicopterWalkongroundDisturbance,1mDisturbance,100m,Remotesensing,photoRemotesensing,electromagneticmagneticMagnetics,gravity,GPR,conductivitySeismic,resistivity,sampling:geochemical,biological,soilPenetrometers;boreholesandsamples,downholemeasurements,tomography,INCREASINGINVASIVENESS,APPLICATIONSOFNON-INVASIVEMETHODS,Characterizationofsubsurfacefor:-wastedisposal,containment,remediation-infrastructureconstructionLocating:-voids-resources-undergroundutilities-buriedlandminesandunexplodedordnanceMonitoring:-groundmovements-infrastructuredecayArcheologicalorforensicinvestigationsSearchandrescue,NEWREALITIESOFENGINEERINGPRACTICEANDCONSTRUCTION,PublicparticipationRegulatoryandLegalissuesHealthandSafetyDecisionandriskanalysisDesign-BuildreplacingDesign-Bid-BuildQuestionablebenefit/costStrugglingeconomiesPoorlydefinedgoals,PREDICTINGTHEFUTURE,“Predictionsareverydifficultespeciallyaboutthefuture”(NeilsBohr),“Heavierthanairflyingmachinesareimpossible.”(LordKelvin,1895)“Ithinkthereisaworldmarketformaybefivecomputers”(ThomasWatson,ChairmanofIBM,1943),“Wedontliketheirsound,andguitarmusicisonthewayout.”(DeccaRecordsrejectionoftheBeatles,1962)“640Koughttobeenoughforanybody”(BillGates,1981),SOMEKNOWLEDGENEEDS,LiquefactionandpredictingitsconsequencesEvaluationofimprovedgroundPredictionofdeformationsDealingwithDifficultDirtFoundationCapacityImprovedsitecharacterizationConstitutivemodels(always!),PAPERSINTHE2001J.G.E.E.,A.S.C.E.(Whatpeopleareworkingon),Pilesanddrilledpiers19GeotechEQengrgandliquefaction13Constitutivebehavior,mechanics7Groundimprovementandstabilization7Propertiesandbehavior6Micro-mechanics5Contaminanttransport5Stability5Geosynthetics5LateralPressures,excavations4Others13,NETWORKFOREARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGSIMULATION(NEES)(SponsoredbytheNationalScienceFoundation),Asystemofexperimentalfacilitieslinkedbyadvancedtelecommunicationsthatiscapableofreal-timeinteractivecollaborationacrosstheU.S.,SOMENEWFRONTIERS,Micro-mechanicsNano-technologiesBiologicalprocesses“Seeingintotheearth”SmartmaterialsSelf-monitoringandcorrectingsystems,KEYQUESTIONS,Whatissoil?Howdoesitrespondtodifferentstimuli?Whydoesitrespondthisway?Howdowerelatetheanswerstothesequestionstotheproblemorprojectathand?,FundamentalMechanicalProperties,VolumechangeStress-strainStrengthHydraulicconductivity(andtheirchangeswithtime),MOSTIMPORTANTUNSOLVEDPROBLEMS,CommoditizationofservicesNarrowingthegapbetween“state-of-practice”and“state-of-knowledge”rapidtransferofbestresearchresultsintopracticeSeismicbehaviorofearthstructuresDisplacementsofearthstructuresduringandafterconstruction,MOSTIMPORTANTUNSOLVEDPROBLEMS(Cont.),CharacterizinganddesigningformaterialsfallingbetweensoilandrockTimeeffectsindisturbedgroundImprovedsitecharacterizationHowtogeneralizeandsimplif