英语写作之句子

写作技能如何写好简单句当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句。句子的两个主要组成部分是主语和谓语，而谓语都是由动词构成的。因此，动词在句子中起着极其重要的作用，可以说是句子的核心。在英语中，各类动词后有不同的结构，从而构成不同的句型，抓住动词及它们引起的各种句型，就会对英语句子有一个总的概念。简单句大体上可以分为下面五种类型：,1.主语+不及物动词（S+Vi.）Thelittlebabysmiled.婴儿笑了。2.主语+及物动词+宾语（S+Vt.+O）LilyknowsFrench.莉莉懂法语。Everybodylaughedatthatuglyboy.每个人都嘲笑那个丑陋的男孩。3.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+Vt.+IO+DO）Mygrandmothertoldmeastory.我的奶奶给我讲了一个故事。Myuncleboughtanewcomputerforme.我的叔叔给我买了一台新电脑。4.主语+系动词+表语（S+V.+P）Thefoodis(tastes)verydelicious.食物尝起来非常美味。5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+Vt.+O+C）Thenewsmadeussurprised.这消息使我们很吃惊。MissWangtoldmenottobediscouraged.王女士告诉我别气馁。,即时练习连词成句1.at,red,face,news,her,turned,the2.we,bus,catch,soasto,got,first,up,the,early3.a,made,she,dress,beautiful,me4.first,my,made,homework,me,do,mymother5.found,with,family,to,it,your,very,I,pleasant,be,Herfaceturnedredatthenews.,Wegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.,Shemademeabeautifuldress.,Mymothermademedomyhomeworkfirst.,Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.,写作技能简单句型的高级形式简单句其实也可以不简单，若将简单句与非谓语动词短语、形容词短语、同位语、独立主格结构等巧妙地合在一起，不但可以表达更丰富的内容，而且可以使句子变得更精彩，充分显示你的英语表达实力。高考写作范文高级简单句，请欣赏：,1.同位语：Iwanttohaveapenfriend,我想有一个笔友，希望是一个二十出头且兴趣相投的女孩子。（同位语中又有两个并列的介词短语修饰）2.形容词短语：,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandinventor.出生于美国的托马斯爱迪生是一个伟大的科学家和发明家。3.不定式短语：，weneedtodosports.为了学习好，我们需要体育运动4.现在分词短语：Inthispicture,amotherbirdstaysinhernestinabigtree,.在这幅图中，一个鸟妈妈呆在一棵大树的鸟巢里，观看她的鸟仔飞走。,hopefullyagirlinherearlytwentiesandwithinterestssimilartomine.,BorninAmerica,Inordertostudywell,watchingherbabiesflyingaway.,5.过去分词短语：,mobilephonesandtheInternetarefasterandmuchmoreconvenient.与信件和公用电话相比，手机和网络更快也更方便6.介词短语：，heencouragesustothinkbyourselves.他鼓励我们独立思考，而不是马上告诉我们答案.,Comparedwithlettersand,publicphones,Insteadofgivingusanswers,immediately,即时练习按括号中的提示翻译下列句子1.我是李华，四川的一个学生。（同位语）2.与其他老师相比，摩尔先生更注意教学方法。（用过去分词短语）3.北京动物园，建于1906年，有100多年的历史了。（用过去分词短语）,ImLiHua,astudentinSichuan.,Comparedwithotherteachers,Mr.Moorepaysmoreattentiontohiswayofteaching.,TheBeijingZoo,builtin1906,hasahistoryofmorethan100years.,4.李华在公共汽车站等601路公交车去上学。（现在分词短语）5.我们学生应当通过努力学习而不是考试作弊来试图获得好成绩。（介词短语）,LiHuawasatthebusstop,waitingforBusNo.601togotoschool.,Westudentsshouldtrytogetgoodresultsbystudyinghardinsteadofcheatinginexaminations.,写作技能简单句的扩展句子的扩展，就是在名词前后加上前置或后置定语，在动词、形容词或者副词前后加上适当的状语，或增加修饰整个句子的状语，等等，其目的是使结构形式更饱满、内容表达更加清楚、语言表达更生动。我们练习句子的扩展，有助于循序渐进地实现由句到段的过渡。【例1】对Themanwasfamous.（主语+系动词+表语）一句进行扩展，可得到以下一些句子：a.Themanwasafamousartist.(划线部分为定语),namedMike,b.,themanwasveryfamous.(划线部分为状语)【例2】对Thestudentjumped.（主语+谓语）一句进行扩展，可得到以下一些句子：a.Thestudentjumped.（划线部分为定语）b.,thenaughtystudentjumped.（划线部分为状语）,Attheageofseventeen,becauseofbeinggoodatplayingthe,piano,naughty,withglasseson,Hearingthegoodnews,withjoy,inclass,withoutany,hesitation,【例3】ChinesearemakingChinamorepowerful.（主语+谓语+宾语+宾补）一句进行扩展，可得到以下一些句子：a.ChinesearemakingChinamorepowerful.（划线部分为定语）b.,hard-workingandopen-mindedChinesearemakingfullofresourcesmorepowerful.（划线部分为状语）,Hard-workingandopen-minded,fullofresources,Withtimegoingon,thanbeforeasexpected,即时练习按要求对下列句子进行扩展1.Studentsbuybooks.（至少要含非谓语、介词短语和从句等作定语）2.Studentswork.（至少要含非谓语、介词短语和从句等作状语）,ThediligentstudentsinourclassoftenbuysomebookswritteninEnglishonscience,whicharereallywellworthbuying.,Inordertoimprovetheirschoolsubjects,studentsworkhardintheclassroomsothattheyforgettogooutafterclass.,3.Themangavemeapen.（至少含一个不定式短语，一个现在分词短语）,Inordertohelpme,theoldmanstandingovertheregavemearedpentowritewiththedaybeforeyesterday.,写作技能简单句合并成并列句或复合句有时为了使句子的连贯性更强，表达更为贴切、自然，我们在两个或者多个简单句之间加上and,but,or（或者，否则），for（因为），while（而，却），when（就在这个时候）等并列连词，就成为并列复合句。如：1.Theywerehappy.Theydeservedtheirhappiness.Theywerehappyandtheydeservedtheirhappiness.2.Youmusthurry.Youllmisstheplane.Youmusthurryoryoullmisstheplane.,3.Honeyissweet.Thebeestings.Honeyissweet,butthebeestings.在两个或者多个简单句之间加上when,after,as,because,where,which,who等从属连词，可以使简单句变成复合句，从而扩展成高级句子。如：1.Iforgottoposttheletter.Iwroteityesterday.（改为含定语从句的复合句）IforgottoposttheletterwhichIwroteyesterday.2.Hemissedthefirstbus.Hecametoschoollate.（改为含状语从句的复合句）Becausehemissedthefirstbus,hecametoschoollate.Hemissedthefirstbus,sohecametoschoollate.,即时练习按要求对下列句子进行扩展1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.（合并成一个并列句）Hewastired;sohewenttobed.2.Ourteachermustbeathome.Thedoorisopen.（合并成一个并列句）Ourteachermustbeathomeforthedoorisopen.3.Theywereintruthsisters.Itwasclear.（改为含名词性从句的复合句）Itwasclearthattheywereintruthsisters.,写作技能如何写好并列句（一）并列连词的意义与作用由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。并列句的基本句型是：“简单句+并列连词（或连接副词）+简单句”。不同的并列连词或连接副词表示不同的关系。所以，要写好并列句，首先必须了解每个并列连词的意义和功能。下表是对所有并列连词（或连接副词）的归类与功能的概括。,即时练习请选择用的并列连词填空1.Idontagreewithyou,doesmypartner.2.Findoutwheretheyaregoingthiseveningaskifwemayjointhem.3.Hewasveryseriouslyill;doctorshavealmostgivenuphopeofhisrecovery.4.Theygotoconcertsofpopmusictheyreallylikeit.5.ShecanthopetopasstheexaminDecember,_shellhavetowaittillJune.6.Hebroketherulesoftheschool;_hehadtoleave.,nor/neither,and,therefore,for,so,therefore,7.Idontknowanythingagainsttheman;，Idonttrusthim.8.IllbuyanewsuitwhenIgetthechequefortheworkIdid;,Imafraidthisoldonewillhavetodoabitlonger.9.isyouranswerwrongmineis.10.Youmustworkharder;youwillbeputintoanotherclass.11.youcometomyplaceorIgotoyours.12.Idloveto,Ihavelotsofhomeworktodo.13.Tomwasrichhisbrotherwasverypoor.,however,nevertheless,Notonly,otherwise,Either,but,while,butalso,有同学认为,并列句十分简单,就是将两个简单句用并列连词连接起来。其实不然,在写作中,我们必须认真分析两个被连接起来的简单句之间内在的逻辑关系,然后选择恰当的并列连词,才能真正写出质量好的并列句。请认真研读以下并列句,分析其逻辑关系。试试看,如果用别的功能的并列连词替换,逻辑关系是否仍然成立？,写作技能,如何写好并列句(二)辨清不同功能的并列连词,1.Heworkshard,andheplayshardtoo.分析：在前一个分句的意思的基础上有递进。其含义相当于：Henotonlyworkshard,butalsoplayshard.或：Heplayshardaswellasworkshard.2.Iwastired,butIfelthappy.分析：后一个分句的意思不是前一个分句意思的顺接，而是出现转折的结果。3.Westayedathome,foritwasraining.分析：后一个分句是对前一个分句的原因的补充。,4.Itwascold,sowedecidedtostayathome.分析：后一个分句是前一个分句的结果。5.Hurryup,oryoullbelateforclass.分析：后一个分句是与前一个分句的结果相反的结果。由以上分析可见，并列连词的选择也是要遵循句子间的逻辑关系的，如果不小心，同样会犯逻辑错误。,即时练习请根据所给的句子的信息及所提供的并列连词完成句子1.YouhavetolearnEnglish,and.YouhavetolearnEnglish,andyoumust/shouldlearnitwell.2.YoushouldreadsomeEnglisheveryday,or.YoushouldreadsomeEnglisheveryday,oryoucantmakemuchprogress.3.Manystudentsdoquitewellintherecitation,but.Manystudentsdoquitewellintherecitation,buttheydontknowhowtousethemproperlyintheirwriting.,4.MostofthestudentsareafraidofspeakingEnglishinclass,so.MostofthestudentsareafraidofspeakingEnglishinclass,soitisagoodwaytospeakwithyourclassmatesafterclass.5.Somestudentscanttellthedifferencebetween“thirteen”and“thirty”,for.Somestudentscanttellthedifferencebetween“thirteen”and“thirty”,forthetwonumberssoundalike.,写作技能,如何写好并列句(三)运用不同功能的并列连词写并列句在高考评卷时，阅卷的老师常常会读到这样的文章，文章将内容要点都覆盖了，但通篇都是简单句，结果得分不高。因此，如能适当地使用并列句，当可提高文章的可读性与质量。其实，方法很简单，可根据各要点形成几个简单句，再将简单句中有内在逻辑联系的句子用适当的并列连词合并为并列句。,即时练习.请根据并列句的逻辑关系加上恰当的并列连词，将两个句子合并为一个并列句1.Thiswillcostquitesomemoney.Itsworthwhileinalongrun.2.Hewouldhavewonthegameeasily.Hefellandbrokehisleg.,Thiswillcostquitesomemoney;nevertheless,itsworthwhileinalongrun.,Hewouldhavewonthegameeasily;however,hefellandbrokehisleg.,3.Shakespearewasawriter.Shakespearewasalsoanactor.4.Hehadfailedmanytimes.Hewasconfident5.Donnawasnotsatisfiedwithherownachievement.Donnawasnotsatisfiedwiththeteamsperformance.,Shakespearewasnotonlyawriterbutalso,anactor.,thathewouldsucceedintheend.,Hehadfailedmanytimes,but/yethewas,confidentthathewouldsucceedintheend.,Donnawasneithersatisfiedwithherown,achievementnorwiththeteams,performance.,.翻译句子1.昨天我生日。很多同学送给我礼物。2.书籍增长了我们的见识，开拓了我们的视野。3.地震中有10人死亡，3000多人无家可归。,Itwasmybirthdayyesterday,somany,classmatesgavemepresents.,Booksnotonlyenrichourknowledgebut,(also)widenourvision.,Tenpeoplewerekilledintheearthquake,andmorethan3,000peoplewereleft,homeless.,4.兄弟俩很不同。一个喜欢看书，另一个热衷运动。5.宠物通常很脏，甚至有的会伤人。,Thebrothersareverydifferent:onelikes,readingwhiletheotheriscrazyabout,sports.,Petsareusuallydirtyandsomemighteven,hurtpeople.,写作技能简单句合并成并列句或复合句有时为了使句子的连贯性更强，表达更为贴切、自然，我们在两个或者多个简单句之间加上and,but,or（或者，否则）,for（因为）,while（而，却）,when（就在这个时候）等并列连词，就成为并列复合句。如：1.Theywerehappy.Theydeservedtheirhappiness.Theywerehappyandtheydeservedtheirhappiness.2.Youmusthurry.Youllmisstheplane.Youmusthurryoryoullmisstheplane.3.Honeyissweet.Thebeestings.Honeyissweet,butthebeestings.,在两个或者多个简单句之间加上when,after,as,because,where,which,who等从属连词,可以使简单句变成复合句，从而扩展成高级句子。如：1.Iforgottoposttheletter.Iwroteityesterday.（改为含定语从句的复合句）IforgottoposttheletterwhichIwroteyesterday.2.Hemissedthefirstbus.Hecametoschoollate.（改为含状语从句的复合句）Becausehemissedthefirstbus,hecametoschoollate.Hemissedthefirstbus,sohecametoschoollate.,即时练习按要求对下列句子进行扩展1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.（合并成一个并列句）2.Ourteachermustbeathome.Thedoorisopen.（合并成一个并列句）3.Theywereintruthsisters.Itwasclear.（改为含名词性从句的复合句）,Hewastired;sohewenttobed.,Ourteachermustbeathomeforthedoor,isopen.,Itwasclearthattheywereintruth,sisters.,写作技能,利用复合句提高句子档次复合句是使结构复杂化的一个方法，我们可以借助于它表达比较复杂的内容。在应试写作时，考生应尽可能地运用复合句以使文章更有逻辑性，同时也提高了文章的档次。要写好复合句就需要注意：千万不要将汉语一一对译成英语，一定要注意所写复合句符合英语句子结构的特点及复合句中句子成分的完整。如“到车站时，他发现火车已经走了”，如果一一对译，则容易误译为：,Whenarrivedatthestation,hefoundthetrainhadalreadyleft.从句与简单句一样，需讲究句子结构的完整性，只不过从句前有一个引导从句的连词而已。在whenarrivedat.中，很明显，缺少主语，需在when后加上he。,即时练习把下列每组句子转换成复合句1.Inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.2.Ihavesparetime.Iwillgotoseeyou.3.Hegotupveryearlythismorning.Hecouldcatchthefirstbus.,Inthetowntherewasonlyoneschoolwhere,Istudiedforsixyears.,IfIhavesparetime,Iwillgotoseeyou.,Hegotupveryearlythismorningsothat,hecouldcatchthefirstbus.,4.Youstudyhard.Youwillpasstheexam.(onlyif)5.Stopblowing.Theglasswillbecomeclearagain.,Onlyifyoustudyhardwillyoupassthe,exam.,Stopblowingandtheglasswillbecome,clearagain.,一）、怎样运用复杂结构：,1.改变时态,Thebellisringingnow.(一般),2.改变语态,Peoplesuggestthattheconferencebeputoff.(一般),Theregoesthebell.(高级),Itissuggestedthattheconferencebeputoff.(高级),3.使用不定式,4.使用过去分词,Heissokindthathecanhelpme.(一般),Heissokindastohelpme.(高级),Shewalkedoutoftheroomandmanystudentsfollowedher.(一般),Followedbymanystudents,she.(高级),Onceitisseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.(一般),Onceseen,itcan.(高级),5.使用v-ing形式,Whenhearrivespleasegivemeane-mail.(一般),Iftheweatherpermits,Illcometomorrow.(一般),Onhisarriving/arrival,pleasegive.(高级),Weatherpermitting,Illcometomorrow.(高级),Nowourschoolhasthreeteachers.Theyteach48pupils.(一般),NowourSchoolhasthreeteachers,teaching48pupils.(高级),Itdisappointedeverybodythathedidntturnup.(一般),Ihappenedtohavemethim.(一般),6.使用名词性从句,Thefactthathedidntturnupdisappointedeverybody.(高级),IthappenedthatIhadmethim.(高级),Tohissurprise,thelittlegirlknowssomanythings.(一般),Whatsurprisedhimisthatthegirl.(高级),7.使用状语从句,Iwontbelievewhathesays.(一般),Ifyoucomebackbeforesixoclock,youcangoout.(一般),Themealwasverynice.Weallenjoyeditverymuch.(一般),Nomatterwhathesays,Iwontbelieve.(高级),Youcangooutonconditionthatyoucomebackbefore.(高级),Themealwassonicethatweall.(高级),8.使用定语从句,Thegirlisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.(一般),Thegirlwhosecompositionwaswellwrittenwasspokenhighlyof.(高级),IstudiedChinese,maths,English,physics,chemistryandcomputeratschool.(一般),ThesubjectsIstudiedatschoolincludedChinese,maths,English.(高级),9.使用虚拟语气,Theshipdidntsinkbecausethereweretheeffortsofthecaptain.(一般),Iwasntinvitedtotheparty,soIdidntattendit.(一般),IfIhadbeeninvitedtotheparty,Iwouldhaveattendedit.(高级),Butfortheeffortsofthecaptain,theshipwouldhavesunk.(高级),10.使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句,Regularradiobroadcastsbeganin1920.(一般),Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradio.(高级),WeakasIam,Illmaketheeffort.(高级),ThoughImweak,Iwillmaketheeffort.(一般),Howgladweweretoseethecropsand.!(高级),Weweregladtoseethecropsandvegetablesgrowingverywell.(一般),11.使用并列句,Ifyougothroughthegate,youllfindtheentrancetoBearCountry.(一般),Gothroughthegate,andyoullfind.(高级),Igotuplatethismorning,otherwiseIcouldhavecaughttheearlybus.(高级),Igotuplatethismorning.Ididntcatchtheearlybus.(一般),Themorehespoke,themoreexcitedhefelt.(高级),Whenhespoke,hefeltmoreandmoreexcited.(一般),Atthenewsofherdeath,hewent.(高级),Shehastroubleinpronouncingtheword.(高级),Whoseturnisittobeondutytoday?(高级),Whenheheardshehaddied,hewentpalewithsorrow.(一般),Shecantcorrectlypronouncetheword.(一般),Whowillbeondutytoday?(一般),怎样运用高级词汇：,二）、怎样运用高级词汇：,Asaresult,theplanwasafailure.(一般),ShewenttoAustriainordertostudymusic.(一般),Becausetheweatherwasgood,ourjourneywascomfortable.(一般),Theplanturnedouttobeafailure.(高级),ShewenttoAustriaforthepurposeofstudyingmusic.(高级),Thankstothegoodweather,ourjourney.(高级),Shedoesntlikesports.,Shecaresnothingforsports.,Wehadtogohome.,Whatwehadtodowasgohome.,写作技能高考书面表达中常见的错误分析(一)1.关系不一致英语语法要求意义一致。所谓意义一致，不仅指谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致，还指谓语要与主语所表达的实际意义一致。2.词性混淆词汇对于写作相当重要，词汇量越大越有利于写作。但是，有的学生平时在记单词时，只记拼写、读音和词义而忽略词性，这是不对的。因为英语句子的各个成分都是由一定词性的词来充当的。,3.用词累赘“累赘”现象普遍存在于习作之中，要避免这一现象的发生，必须加强语言基本功训练，学习中要勤思多练。4.无连接词错误汉语句子是重“意合”，句子前后连接主要通过上下文的逻辑意义来实现，连接词的使用远少于英语；而英语句子的特点之一是重“形合”，句子的各个部分要由各种连词、关系代词等连接起来，由于这一特点，很多学生在写作时往往忘了使用连接词，造成诸多病句。,5.非完整句错误一个句子至少包括主语和谓语两部分(祈使句除外)，如果将句子的某一部分当作一个完整的句子，就会导致非完整句错误。写作中，很多学生会犯此错误，对此应特别注意。6.选词或搭配不当对英语词汇的理解，不能只停留在了解其表面意义上，而应掌握内在含义，同时要熟悉它们的习惯搭配。平时学习词汇时，要勤于思考，勤查词典，尤其要多记英语解释，弄清它们的确切意思和用法，以免造成错误。,写作常见错误分析：,1.句子缺谓语,1)Thebuildinglikeamatchbox.2)Hetoldmethatallmyclassmatessittingintheclassroom.,1)Aworkerofthefarmleadustothefield.2)AllthestudentslikebooksthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.,2.主谓不一致，尤其是单数第三人称作主语时，谓语的单复数形式出现错误。,3.时态错误,4.词性混用,1)Whenhecameback,hefoundthathiswifehasgonetobed.2)Whatareyoudoingthistimeyesterday?,1)SheenjoysstudyEnglish.2)Ifanyoneagainsttheplan,pleaseletmeknow.,5.介词误用,6.冠词误用,1)Inmysurprise,hehasgotthefirstprize.2)Hecameheretoattendthemeetingbyanewcar.3)Dontreadunderthesun.,1)WeelectedLiHuathemonitoroftheClassFive.2)Onceuponatime,therewasanone-eyedlion.3)Thehistoryisactuallyaveryinterestingsubject.,7.名词的数混淆,8.动词用法错误,1)ItisraretoseesuchaniceweatherinBeijing.2)Thereisalwaystrafficjam.,1)Whereareyoucomefrom?2)WhenIarrivedHongKong,mymotherwastherewaitingforme.3)Hedidntnoticetheteachertocomeintotheclassroom.4)Theaccidentwashappenedin1999.,9.习惯用法错误,1)Theactorinthismovieisverybeautiful.2)IandMyparentswereworkinginthefieldsatthattime.3)Thereasonisbecausehedoesnotknowwhattodonext.,10.句子之间的逻辑关系不清误：Ithittheoldmandownbutthedriver,awoman,didntstophercar.Findingshehadcausedanaccident,thewomanspedhercartofleeaway.TheoldmanandIsawthecarsnumber.ItsAC864.Theoldmancouldntmove,Idecidedtohelphim.,正：Ithittheoldmandownbutthedriver,whowasawoman,didntstophercar.Findingshehadcausedanaccident,thewomanspedhercartofleeaway.Fortunately,Isawthecarsnumber.ItsAC864.Noticingtheoldmancouldntmove,Idecidedtohelphim.,11.画蛇添足、过多的长句使句子复杂化（语言不简洁）修改前：Afamoussportsm