高级英语第二册-MarrakechPPT课件

.,1,Unit2,Marrakech,.,2,Contents,1.Backgroundinformation2.Typeofwriting3.Organizationstructure4.Detailedstudy5.Exercises,.,3,1.Backgroundinformation,MarrakechAuthorandhisworks,.,4,Morocco(摩洛哥),.,5,Morocco,a.LocatedinNorthAfrica,ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanb.About2000B.C.settledbyBerbertribes,theninvadedbyArabsinthe7thcentury,bringingwiththemIslam.c.In1912,aFranco-SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones-FrenchMorocco,Spanishprotectorate(保护国),asouthernprotectorateandaninternationalzone.,.,6,d.Gainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主国)in1957.MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.e.People:mostMuslims;Most(70%)Moroccansarefarmers,usingcamels,donkeysandmulestopullplows,tryingtogrowtheirownfood.IntheSouthafewtribesmenstillwanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert.f.Islam:thestatereligiong.Arabic-theofficiallanguage,FrenchandSpanishalsospoken.,.,7,NationalflagofMorocco,.,8,Marrakech,Marrakechisnotonlyafantasticcity,itisalsoasymboloftheMoroccothatoncewas,andwhichstillsurviveshere.Thestreetsoftheoldandpinkcityhavebeentoonarrowtoallowtheintroductionofcars,andtouristssearchingfortherealMoroccohaveturnedthemedievalstructuresofMarrakechintogoodbusiness.,.,9,Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912.Ithasextremelyhotsummerbutmildwinters.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco.,.,10,Themarket1,.,11,.,12,.,13,Themarket2,.,14,Marrakech,.,15,Authorandhisworks,GeorgeOrwell(1903-1950):thepseudonymofEricArthurBlairaBritishnovelistandessayistbetweenthesecondworldwarmuchpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti-communistpointofview.borninIndia,hisfather,asocalledempire-builder-servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad.,.,16,receivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool“Eden”.traveledwidely(includingMarrakech).Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism.,.,17,joinedSpanishwarandwasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.,.,18,Hisworks,DownandOutinParisandLondon1933AClergymansDaughter1935KeeptheAspidistraFlying1936ComingupforAir1940动物农庄AnimalFarm1945NineteenEighty-Four1949,.,19,动物农庄AnimalFarm1945,asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismhisreputationasananticommunistwriter,.,20,Allofhisworks:thesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime,notablywiththeproblemofhumanfreedomHisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople.Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.TheuseofEnglishisclear,simpleanddirect,withnoformalityofembellishment.(Addition/decoration)hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane.,Inreadinghisworks,severalaspectsdrawourattention:,.,21,2.Typeofwriting,Description-dealswithappearancesandfeelingsNarration-dealswitheventsandexperienceExposition-dealswithprocessesandrelationshipsArgumentation-thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Argumentativeessaysshouldhaveadebatablepoint,sufficientevidence,andgoodandclearlogic.,.,22,2.Typeofwriting,Itisanexposition,apoliticalessay.Orwellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults.Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman.,.,23,Exposition,Expositionmeansexplaining.Thewriterappealstoareadersunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation,explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation.Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying.,.,24,Exposition,Expositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.Exposition-expoundingexplaining,.,25,Exposition,Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.,.,26,Thesis:thecentralthoughtorpurposeThethesismaybesupportedanddeveloped:Comparisonandcontrast,analogy,classification,illustration,analysis,definition,etc.,.,27,Exposition,ThingscanbeexplainedbyDefinitionListingExamplesClassificationComparisonandcontrast,.,28,Definition,Thekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.,.,29,2.Listing,Wemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted.Then,ifpossible,arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance.,.,30,3.Examples,Itsthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.,.,31,4.Classification,Wehavetofollowasystemconsistently.Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive.Thereshouldbenooverlapping.Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone.,.,32,5.Comparisonandcontrast,Weliken(把比作)onethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison)Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo.(contrast),.,33,Organizationalpattern,Sect.1(para1-2)Sect.2(para3)Sect.3(para4-7)Sect.4(para8-15)Sect.5(para16-18)Sect.6(para19-21)Sect.7(para22-26),.,34,Organizationalpattern,Sect.1(para1-2)objectivepresentationofExample1Sect.2(para3)thethesis-“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”,.,35,Sect.3(para4-7)Ex.2TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.Sect.4(para8-15)Ex.31)thelivingconditionsoftheJews2)thehardworktheJewsdo3)prejudiceagainsttheJews,.,36,Sect.5(para16-18)Ex.41Thesoilsarepoor.2Everythingisdonebyhand.3Thefarmingtoolsarerough.4Thefarminganimalsareweakandthepeasantscalculatecarefully.5Thenaturalconditionsarepoor.Theyhadtodigdeepditches.,.,37,Sect.6(para19-21)Ex.5themiserablelifeofwomenSect.7(para22-26)conclusion,.,38,4.Detailedstudyofthetext,Sect.1(para1-2)objectivepresentationofExample1Asthecorpsewentpasttheflieslefttherestauranttableinacloudandrushedafterit,buttheycamebackafewminuteslater.wentpast:morevividthan“wascarriedpast”inacloud:alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass那些汽车在滚滚尘埃中启动了。Thecarssetoffinacloudofdust.,.,39,Thelittlecrowdofmourners-allmenandboys,nowomen-threadedtheirwayacrossthemarketplacebetweenthepilesofpomegranatesandthetaxisandthecamels,wailingashortchantoverandoveragain.threadedtheirway-pickedtheirwaythroughthepilesofpomegranates,andtaxisandcamelschant-1.wordsrepeatedinamonotonoustoneofvoice;2.areligiousprayerorsongthatisspokenorsungononlyaveryfewnotessothatthereisnotmuchvariationinit.,.,40,allmenandboys,nowomen,AccordingtoMuslimlaw,Muslimsmustrespectwomen,andforthisreasongirlsandwomenusedtobekeptinthehouse,wheretheycouldbesafe.Whentheywentout,theyworetheveilstocovertheirfaces.Butthislawhasbecomeakindofexcusetodiscriminateagainstwomen.,.,41,“Whatreallyappealstothefliesisthatthecorpseshereareneverputintocoffins,theyaremerelywrappedinapieceofragandcarriedonaroughwoodenbierontheshouldersoffourfriends.”appealstotheflies-thefliesareattractedbythestenchoftheexposeddeadbody,.,42,Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.,derelict-fromtheLatinwordmeaning“toabandon”Theburyinggroundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.,.,43,Para.1-2:(Review)HowarepeopleburiedinMarrakech?wailashortchanthackanoblongholedumpthebodyflingoveritalittleofthedried-upearthThefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall.,.,44,Sect.2(para3)thethesis“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”,Para.3“ownliterallynothingexcepttheragstheystandupin”theragstheystandupin-theragswhichtheywerewearingastheystoodthereTheshabby,muchwornragstheyarewearingatthemomentaretheonlyclothestheyown.,.,45,Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact.,Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings)Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples.,.,46,Aretheyreallythesamefleshasyourself?Dotheyevenhavenames?Oraretheymerelyakindofundifferentiatedbrownstuff,aboutasindividualasbeesorcoralinsects?”flesh:-mankind,humanbeingsundifferentiatedbrownstuff:-sth.brownincolorwithnoindividualcharacteristics.,.,47,Theyriseoutoftheearth，theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyardTheyareborn.Thenforafewyears,theywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.,.,48,“Sometimes,outforawalkasyoubreakyourwaythroughthepricklypear,younoticethatitisratherbumpyunderfoot,andonlyacertainregularityinthebumpstellsyouthatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.”-forceyourwayorpickyourwayWhenoutforawalkpickingyourwaythroughthepricklypear,youmightfindthatthegroundisbumpy.Yourealizethatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.Youknowtheyaregravesonlybecausethebumpsappearinanevenpattern.,.,49,Pricklypear,.,50,Sect.3(para4-7)Ex.2TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.,.,51,Para.4Iwasfeedingoneofthegazellesinthepublicgardens.,.,52,Assoonasyoulookatthehindlegsofthegazelles,youwillthinkofthedeliciousmintsaucethatyouwouldwanttodipitinwheneatingit.Porkisdeliciousmeatbutthelivinganimal,thepig,doesntlookgoodtoeat.Totheauthor,theonlylivinganimalthatalsolooksgoodtoeatisthegazelle.,.,53,Para.6“AnArabnavvyworkingonthepathnearbyloweredhisheavyhoeandsidledslowlytowardsus.”-abbreviationof“navigator”,anunskilledlaborer,asoncanals,roadsetc.-tomoveslowlysideways,especiallyinashyorstealthymanner,.,54,Para.7andhestoweditgratefullyinsomesecretplaceunderhisrags.,toput,hideawayinsafeplaceIfyoustowsth.somewhere,youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded.=storestowaway=hide,.,55,.,56,.,57,Para.9darkfly-infestedboothsthatlooklikecaves.,Smallcell-likeroomsthatweredarklikecavesandfullofflies.,.,58,Para.9“Acarpentersitscrossleggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchairlegsatlightningspeed.”Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.,.,59,Para.9,hisleftlegiswarpedoutofshape.tocausetobend,curve,ortwistoutofshapeThehotsunwarpedtheboards.,.,60,Para.10Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews,-(transferredepithet.)theJewswereinafrenzy,notthe“rush”Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.,.,61,Para.10andeveryoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury.EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.,.,62,Para.11AgoodjobHitlerwasnthere.,(BrE.colloquial)afortunatestateofaffairsThisrestaurantisnotcheap,soitsagoodjobyouvebroughtplentyofmoney.ItwasluckyfortheJewsthatHitlerhadnotcometothisplace.Ifhehad,theJewswouldhavebeenexterminatedastheywereinPolandandotherEuropeancountries.,.,63,Para.15“Injustthesameway,acoupleofhundredyearsago,pooroldwomenusedtobeburnedforwitchcraftwhentheycouldnotevenworkenoughmagictogetthemselvesasquaremeal.squaremeal”.-theuseofsorceryormagic;communicationwiththedevil-adecentsubstantialmealJewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepooroldwomenwhocouldnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft.,.,64,Sect.5(para16-18)Ex.4,.,65,Para.16Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.,(synecdoche)However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.,.,66,.,67,chancesare:itislikelythat;inallprobability;probably大概是,很可能是Chancesareshesalreadyheardthenews.可能她已经知道这消息了。很可能她要来.Thechancesarethatshellbecoming.,.,68,Para.16Inatropicallandscapeoneseyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.-seeorhearwithinterest;paycloseattentiontoEg:Hedidnttakeinwhathereadbecausehismindwasonsomethingelse.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.,.,69,Para.17Whatdoes“this”inthesentence“Itisonlybecauseofthis.touristresorts.”standfor?,.,70,Para.17,Itisonlybecauseofthis“This”herestandsforthefactthatpeoplealwaysmissthepeasantslabouringinthefieldsbecausetheyhavethecolouroftheearth.Itisonlybecauseofthisreasonthatthesepoorstarvedcountriesareacceptedastouristresorts.,.,71,Para.17NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas(forthesetripswouldntbeinteresting).,.,72,WhatdoesMoroccomeantoaFrenchman?Orangegroves,.,73,WhatdoesMoroccomeantoanEnglishman?ToanEnglishman,Moroccoisaromantic,mysteriouscountrywhichhehasreadinnovels.Camels,castles,etc.aretheromanticbitsplantedinhismindbythenovels.,.,74,ForeignLegion:Frenchvolunteerarmedforcecomposedchiefly,initsenlistedranks,offoreigners.ItsinternationalcharacterandthetraditionofnotrevealingenlisteesbackgroundshavehelpedtosurroundtheForeignLegionwithanauraofmysteryandromance.,.,75,“fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendlessback-breakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofansoil.”wringsthfrom/outofsb:toforceorpersuadesomeonetogiveyousomethingLifeisveryhardfor90%ofthepeople.Theycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoilonlywithhardbackbreakingtoil.,.,76,Whatkindofpeople,accordingtothewriter,arepartlyinvisible?Whydoeshestressthispoint?Thewhitepeopletaketheirownpresumedsuperioritysomuchforgrantedanditssodeepwithinthemthattheyliterallydontevenseethewretchedpeopleofthethirdworld.,.,77,Para.18“mostofMoroccoissodesolate,-barren;(ofaplace)inaruinedandneglectedstate1.Ifsthisdesolate,itisemptyofpeopleandlackingincomfort.2.Ifsb.isdesolate,hefeelsverysad,lonelyandwithouthope.Theforestwasleftdesolatebythefire.Afterthewarthetownwasadesolateplace.Shehasbeendesolatesincelosingherjob.,.,78,Longlinesofwomen,bentdoublelikeinvertedcapitalLs.,Para18,.,79,Theploughisawretchedwoodenthing,wretched-poorinquality,veryinferior,.,80,.,81,.,82,Para.18,ThisisasmuchequaltoTheanimalsyokedtotheploughhadjustenoughstrengthtoploughthesoiltoadepthofaboutfourinches.Theycouldnotmakedeeperfurrows.,.,83,.,84,getat,toreachMarrakechisverydry.Evenatadepthof30or40feetthereisonlybutatrickleofwater.,.,85,WhatdoesPara.18describe?Para.18describestheprimitivewayoffarminginMarrakech,anotherpictureofpovertyandbackwardnessoftheplace.,.,86,Sect.6(para19-21)themiserablelifeofwomen,Para.19Allofthemaremummifiedwithageandthesun,andallofthemaretiny.mummified-thinandwithered,lookinglikeamummyYearsofhardlifeandheatofthetropicalsunhavedriedupthewomenhere,sothattheylooklikemummies.Theyshrinktothesizeofchildren.,.,87,Para.19Istoppedherandputafive-soupiecewhichwaspartlygratitudebutmainlysurprise.Whywastheoldwomansurprisedwhenthewritergaveherafive-soupiece?,.,88,IsupposethatTheauthorgavetheoldwomanalittlemoney.Theresponsewasashrillwailforshewasgreatlysurprised.Theoldwomanwasfullyaccustomedtohermiserableexistenceandtonotbeingtakennoticeofbyanyone,soshealmostconsideredtheauthortobedoingsomethingunnaturalbygivingherthemoney.,.,89,Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosayasabeastofburden.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity,thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal.,.,90,St.Bernarddog圣伯纳犬,alargestrongdog,originallyfromSwitzerland,whereitwastrainedtohelpfindpeoplewhowerelostinthesnow,.,91,Mule,.,92,.,93,.,94,para.20,Whydoestheauthorexpatiateonthemiserablefateofthedonkeys?Toarousethereaderssympathyandanger.Aretheiranysimilaritiesbetweenthedonkeysandtheoldwomen?Whatarethey?DonkeyandWomanBothareoverloaded.Botharewillingcreatures.Botharesmall.Bothareill-treated.Bothhaveanmiserableend.Comparison,.,95,Para.21Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.,-almost,thesameassth;almostasgood/badassth;nearly;almostThesebrown-skinnedpeoplearealmostinvisible.,.,96,Contrast,DonkeyandWomanVisibleInvisibleImplication-Womenareworsetreated.,.,97,Sect.7(para22-26)Conclusion,Asymbolicconclusion:Thementalityofthecolonizedandthesecretfearofthewhitecolonialistsandimperialiststheauthorsviewofthementalityofthecolonialpeople;secretfearcherishedbythewhite;,.,98,Para.22,AsthestorksflewnorthwardtheNegroesweremarchingsouthward-along,dustycolumn,infantry,screw-gunbatteries,andthenmoreinfantry,fourorfivethousandmeninall,windinguptheroadwithaclumpingofbootsandaclatterofironwheels.-akindofsmallcannon-movingslowlyfollowingthetwistingandturningroad-2onomatopoeicwordsdescribingthesoundofbootsandironwheels(Onomatopoeiaisafigureofspeechinwhichwordsareusedtoimitatethenaturalsounds.)Acontrastbetweenglitteringwhitebirds(whitecolonialists)andearth-boundblacks,.,99,TheywereSenegaleseSenegal:RepublicofSenegal(塞内加尔)CapitalDakar(达喀尔),.,100,Para.2