海明威文学作品简介(英语)ppt课件

AmericanLiterature,1,TheAmericanModernism(IV)(1914-1945),2,ErnestHemingway(1899-1961),3,Hemingway,4,I.Biography:ErnestMillerHemingway(July21,1899July2,1961)wasanAmericanwriterandjournalist.Hisdistinctivewritingstyleknownastheicebergtheorycharacterizedbyeconomyandunderstatement,influenced20th-centuryfiction,asdidhisapparentlifeofadventureandthepublicimagehecultivated.Heproducedmostofhisworkbetweenthemid-1920sandthemid-1950s,andhiscareerpeakedin1954whenhewontheNobelPrizeinLiterature.,5,Hemingwaysfictionwassuccessfulbecausethecharactershepresentedexhibitedauthenticitythatreverberated（回响）withhisaudience.ManyofhisworksareclassicsofAmericanliterature.Hepublishedsevennovels,sixshortstorycollections,andtwonon-fictionworksduringhislifetime,withafurtherthreenovels,fourcollectionsofshortstories,andthreenon-fictionworkspublishedafterhisdeath.,6,ErnestHemingwaywasbornonJuly21,1899,inthevillageofOakPark,Illinois,closetotheprairiesandwoodswestofChicago.BothhereandinMichigan,hewouldexplore,camp,fishandhuntwithhisphysicianfather,Dr.ClarenceHemingway.,7,BothparentsandtheirnearbyfamiliesfosteredtheVictorianprioritiesofthetime:religion,family,workanddiscipline.TheyfollowedtheVictorianselaboratesentimentalstyleinlivingandwriting.AtOakParkandRiverForestHighSchool,Ernestreportedandwrotearticles,poemsandstoriesfortheschoolspublicationslargelybasedonhisdirectexperiences.,8,9,Afterleavinghighschoolheworkedforafewmonthsasareporter,beforeleavingfortheItalianfronttobecomeanambulancedriverduringWorldWarI,whichbecamethebasisforhisnovelAFarewelltoArms.Hewasseriouslywoundedandreturnedhomewithintheyear.,10,InEuropeinthe1920s,Ernestlearnedfromavant-gardewriterslikeGertrudeSteinandEzraPound.Hemingwayusedthesemethodsinshortstoriesandnovelsthatcapturedtheattentionofbothcriticsandthepublic.,11,In1922HemingwaymarriedHadleyRichardson,thefirstofhisfourwives,andthecouplemovedtoParis,whereheworkedasaforeigncorrespondent.Duringhistimetherehemetandwasinfluencedbymodernistwritersandartistsofthe1920sexpatriatecommunityknownastheLostGeneration.Hisfirstnovel,TheSunAlsoRises,waswrittenin1924.,HemingwayandHadley,12,PaulineMariePfeifferAfterdivorcingHadleyRichardsonin1927HemingwaymarriedPaulinePfeiffer;theydivorcedfollowingHemingwaysreturnfromcoveringtheSpanishCivilWar,afterwhichhewroteForWhomtheBellTolls.,13,MarthaEllisGellhornMarthaGellhornbecamehisthirdwifein1940,butheleftherforMaryWelshHemingwayafterWorldWarII,duringwhichhewaspresentatD-DayandtheliberationofParis.,14,MaryWelsh,ShortlyafterthepublicationofTheOldManandtheSeain1952Hemingwaywentonsafari（旅行）toAfrica,wherehewasalmostkilledinaplanecrashthatlefthiminpainorill-healthformuchoftherestofhislife.HemingwayhadpermanentresidencesinKeyWest,Florida,andCubaduringthe1930sand40s,butin1959hemovedfromCubatoIdaho,wherehecommittedsuicideinthesummerof1961.,15,II.HisNovels:TheSunAlsoRise(1926)Thenovelconcernsagroupofpsychologicallybruised,disillusionedexpatriateslivinginpostwarParis,whotakepsychicrefugeinsuchimmediatephysicalactivitiesaseating,drinking,traveling,brawling,andsoon.Withthepublicationofit,hewasrecognizedasthespokesmanofthe“lostgeneration”(socalledbyGertrudeStein).AFarewellToArms(1929)tellsofatragicwartimeloveaffairbetweenanambulancedriverandanEnglishnurse.DeathintheAfternoon(1932),anonfictionworkaboutbullfighting,16,GreenHillsofAfrica(1935),anonfictionworkaboutbig-gamehunting,glorifyvirility（男子气）,bravery,andthevirtueofaprimal（最初的）challengetolife.ToHaveAndHaveNot(1937)TheFifthColumn(hisonlyplay1938)ForWhomTheBellTolls(1940),indetailinganincidentinthewar,arguesforhumanbrotherhood.AcrosstheRiverandintotheTrees(1950)TheOldManAndTheSea(1952,PulitzerPrize),celebratestheindomitable（不屈服的）courageofanagedCubanfisherman.Paris:AMoveableFeast(1964)IslandsintheStream(1970),17,III.HisCollectionsofStoriesThreeStoriesandTenPoems(1923),InOurTime(1924)MenwithoutWomen(1927)WinnerTakeNothing(1933)FirstForty-nineStories(1938)IV.Hisfamousstories:TheKillersTheUndefeatedTheSnowsofKilimanjaro,18,V.Hismasterpiece,19,PlotSummaryInasmallfishingvillageinCuba,Santiago,anold,weatheredfishermanhasjustgone84dayswithoutcatchingafish.Onthe85thday,heisdeterminedtocatchabig,impressivefish.Foryears,SantiagohasbeenfishingwithayoungboynamedManolin.Manolinstartedfishingwiththeoldmanwhenhewasonly5yearsold.SantiagoislikeManolinssecondfather,andhastaughttheyoungboyeverythingaboutfishing.ManolinisextremelyloyaltoSantiagoandmakessurethattheoldmanisalwayssafeandhealthy.Manolinsparents,however,forcetheboytoleaveSantiagoandfishonamorelucrativefishingboat.ManolindoesnotwanttoleaveSantiago,butmusthonorhisdutytohisparents.Onthenewboat,Manolincatchesseveralfishwithinthefirstfewdays.Santiago,meanwhile,decidestoheadoutontheGulfStreamalone.Hefeelsthe85thdaywillbeluckyforhim.Hesetsoutonhisold,ricketyskiff（摇摆的小船）.Aloneonthewater,Santiagosetsuphisfishinglines（钓钩）withtheutmostprecision,askillthatotherfishermanlack.,20,Finally,hefeelssomethingheavytuggingatoneofhislines.AhugeMarlin（青枪鱼）hasfoundSantiagosbaitandthissetsoffaverylongstrugglebetweenthetwo.TheMarlinissohugethatitdragsSantiagobeyondallotherboatsandpeople-hecannolongerseelandfromwherethefishdragshim.Thestruggletakesitstoll（造成损伤）onSantiago.Hishandsbecomebadlycrampedandheiscutandbruisedfromtheforceofthefish.SantiagoandtheMarlinbecomeunitedoutatsea.Theyareattachedtoeachotherphysically,andinSantiagoscase,emotionally.HerespectsandlovestheMarlinandadmiresitsbeautyandgreatness.Heseesthefishashisbrother.Despitethis,Santiagohastokillit.Hefeelsguiltykillingabrother,butafteranintensestruggleinwhichthefishdragstheskiffaroundincircles,Santiagoharpoons（用鱼叉叉）theverylargefishandhangsitonthesideofhisboat.Hefeelsbrave,likehisheroJoeDiMaggio,whoaccomplishedgreatfeatsdespiteobstacles,injuriesoradversities.,21,Afterenjoyingafewmomentsofpride,apackofsharksdetectsthebloodinthewaterandfollowthetrailtoSantiagosskiff.Santiagohastofendoffeachsharkthatgoesafterhisprizedcatch.EachsharktakesahugebiteoutoftheMarlin,buttheoldmanfendsthemoff,himselfnowbruised,butalive.HesailsbacktoshorewiththecarcassofhisMarlin.Heisbarelyabletowalkandslowlystaggersbacktohishut,wherehefallsintobed.Thenextmorning,theboyfindshismentorandcrieswhenhelooksatSantiagosbruisedhands.HepromiseshewillrejecthisparentswishesandvowstofishwithSantiagoagain.,22,MainCharacters:Santiago:Theheroofthestory.HeisanoldCubanfishermanwhoisaperfectionistwhenitcomestofishing.Despitehisprecisemethods,hehasnoluckatsea.Santiagowantstobeunique:agreaterandstrangerpersonthanhispeersoutatsea.Helovesbaseballanddreamsoflions.Heisalone,exceptforthecompanyofManolin.Heisdeterminedtocatchonebigfish.Manolin:Theyoungboywhoisadisciple（徒弟）ofSantiagoandwhotakescareofhim.Hisparentspreferthatheworkwithmoresuccessfulfishermen,butashebecomeshisownman,hechoosestobeloyaltoSantiago.Marlin:TheMarlinisthebigfishthatSantiagodesperatelywantsandneedstocatch.Itisanawesomefishthatimpressestheoldman.Becauseofthefishsgreatness,hebecomeslikeabrothertoSantiago,23,TheSea:Asitstitlesuggests,theseaiscentralcharacterinthenovella.Mostofthestorytakesplaceonthesea,andSantiagoisconstantlyidentifiedwithitanditscreatures;hissea-coloredeyesreflectboththeseastranquility（宁静）andpower,anditsinhabitantsarehisbrothers.Santiagoreferstotheseaasawoman,andtheseaseemstorepresentthefemininecomplementtoSantiagosmasculinity.Theseamightalsobeseenastheunconsciousfromwhichcreativeideasaredrawn.,24,3.Hemingwaysstyle1)Asthemostwidelyimitatedofanyinthe20thcentury,heisgenerallyknownforhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration.Hemingwayhimselfoncesaid,Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.TypicalofthisiceberganalogyisHemingwaysstyle.,25,2)WhilerenderingvividlytheoutwardphysicaleventsandsensationsHemingwayexpressesthemeaningofthestoryandconveysthecomplexemotionsofhischaracterswithaconsiderablerangeandastonishingintensityoffeeling.,26,3)Besides,HemingwaydevelopsthestyleofcolloquialisminitiatedbyMarkTwain.Theaccentsandmannerismsofhumanspeecharesowellpresentedthatthecharactersarefulloffleshandbloodandtheuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,terseness（言简意赅）andgreatcare.Thisruthlesseconomyinhiswritingstandsasastrikingapplicationofanarchitecturalmaxim:“Lessismore.”(简洁至上),27,4.LiterarysignificanceandcriticismTheOldManandtheSeaservedtoreinvigorate(振兴)Hemingwaysliteraryreputationandpromptedareexaminationofhisentirebodyofwork.Thenovellawasinitiallyreceivedwithmuchpopularity;itrestoredmanyreadersconfidenceinHemingwayscapabilityasanauthor.Itspublisher,Scribners,onanearlydustjacket,calledthenovellaanewclassic,andmanycriticsfavorablycompareditwithsuchworksasWilliamFaulknersTheBearandHermanMelvillesMoby-Dick.,28,AspokesmanfortheLostGeneration,Theterm“lostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,youareallalostgeneration.,29,TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900s.Seekingthebohemian（波西米亚）lifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.,30,HemingwaysHeroes,Hemingwaysfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslivessoldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighterswhomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoicc