高一英语Unit 5 Nelson Mandel -- a modern hero语法讲解新人教版

Unit 5 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero目标认知重点词汇：should have done willing lose heart fight advisegive upas a matter of factreward be put in prison重点句型：only then.语法： 定语从句2精讲巧练1. willing【原句回放】Are you willing to do public service work without pay?（Warming up ）【点拨】1. be willing to 愿意做某事2. willing adj. 乐意的，自愿的如： Im willing to help you. 我很愿意帮助你。 Im quite willing for your brother to join us. 我很乐意你的兄弟加入我们。【拓展】a willing horse 积极工作的人 show willing 表示愿意做某事随时练1. They are _ to prefer the better when the best is unattainable.A. like B. willing C. will D. anxious2. He is a man who is active in social activities, and he _do public service work now and then.A. is about to B. is going to C. is willing to D. will【解析】1.句意：退而求其次，like 是介词，表示一样；be willing to do sth 愿意干，宁愿干；anxious 急切的。2.根据前半部分：“积极参加社会活动” 的意思，推断出后半句的意思是“乐于公共服务工作”。2. lose heart【原句回放】Do you easily lose heart when you are in trouble?（Warming Up）【点拨】lose heart 意为“丧失信心；灰心”。如：What impressed us most was that they never lost heart. 给我印象最深的是他们从来没丧失信心。Dont lose heart .keep up courage and youll succeed. 别气馁，鼓起勇气你就会成功。lose ones heart to sb. 意为 “爱上某人”，相当于fall in love with sb.。如：Its foolish of you to lose your heart to such a girl. 你爱上这样的女孩真傻。【拓展】a heavy heart 沉重的心情 put ones heart into 把全部心思都放在be lost in thought 陷入沉思。随时练1. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _the good opportunity.A. to lose B.losing C. to be lost D. being lost【解析】 1. 句意为: 他为面试作了精心的准备，他不能冒失去这次好机会的危险，risk doing 冒险干某事。3. fight【原句回放】 He gave up a rich life for his ideas and fought for his country to be free from the UK in a peaceful way.（Pre-reading page 34）【点拨】 fight vt. vi. 过去式和过去分词均为fought，常与against, with, for连用，意为fight for 为而战；fight against 与作斗争；fight with 接人或者国家名词，表示“同（并肩）战斗”，也可以表示fight against。如：He fought against the German Nazis and Japanese invaders during World War II.二战时期他抵抗德国纳粹和日本侵略者。fight ones way 冲出一条路They told the workers to fight for their rights. 他们告诉工人为了他们的权利而战。【拓展】fight 与 struggle 区别：fight 打仗，战斗引申为一般的战斗。struggle 斗争，只肉体上和精神上的搏斗。随时练1. Youll have to fight _difficulties.A. for B. to C. against D. over【解析】 你非得和困难做斗争不可，fight over 因为而战斗。4. advise【原句回放】It was in 1952 and he had opened a black law firm to advise poor black people on their problems. ( Page 34 line3 )【点拨】advise作及物动词，意为“忠告，劝告；建议”。(1) advise + noun. / pron.(2) advise ( sb.) on sth.（为某人）出主意，提出建议，提供咨询如：We employed an expert to advise on new technology.我们雇佣了一个专家为新的科技提供技术咨询。(3) advise + doing sth.如：He advised carrying out the experiment as soon as possible. 他建议尽快的实施实验。(4) advise + sb. + (not) to do sth. 建议某人（不）去做某事如：My parents often advise me not to waste too much time playing games.我父母经常忠告我不要花太多时间去玩游戏。【拓展】1. advise sb. not to do sth.和advise sb. against doing sth. 意思相同，都表示“建议某人不要做某事”。如：The teacher advised us not to read carelessly. = The teacher advised us againstcareless reading.老师建议我们不要粗心的阅读。2. advise后面接的that从句的谓语动词一般由“should +动词原形”构成。有类似用法的动词还有suggest，demand，desire， prefer等。如：advise + that从句I advised that he (should) go abroad for further study. 我建议他应该出国进行深造。She advised that I should ask Dr Yang for help. 她建议我应该去向袁先生寻求帮助。注意：advise的名词形式为advice。它是不可数名词。一般不说an advice， 而说a piece of advice。随时练1.My father coughed badly. I _ him to give up smoking, but he would not take my advice.A. advised B. persuaded C. suggested D. ordered【解析】advise sb. to do sth.意为“劝说某人做某事”，至于劝说的结果并不知道。而 persuade sb. to do sth.却含有“劝而有效”之意。而suggest不能接 sb. to do sth.；order不适合语境。5. give up【原句回放】 He gave up a rich life for his ideas and fought for his country to be free from the UK in a peaceful way. (Pre-reading page 34)【点拨】give up 表示主动放弃或屈服。如：He has decided to give up smoking. 他已经决定放弃吸烟。give in 表示被动屈服或认输， 后面不带宾语。You cant win the game, so you may as well give in. 你赢不了这比赛，还是认输吧。Dont give up halfway. 不要半途而废。随时练1. Children should give _ their seat on the bus if other people are standing.A. in B. up C. out D. away【解析】1. 本题句意：在公共汽车上，如果其他人站着，小孩子应该让座。6. as a matter of fact【原句回放】As a matter of fact, I do not like violence. but in 1963 I helped him blow up some government buildings.（page 34 line 22）【点拨】as a matter of fact 意为“事实上；实际上”，相当于in fact。如：She doesnt like him muchas a matter of fact, I think she hates him.她一点也不喜欢他，事实上我认为她恨他。As a matter of fact, I dont know the truth. 事实上，我不知道真实的情况。随时练1. I agree that he tried hard the _remains that he has not finished the job in time.A. question B. reality C. fact D. problem【解析】1. the fact is/remains 是固定结构，意为“虽然话是这么说，但是事实是”A项为“需要回答的问题”；B项为“现实”；D项为“需要解决的问题”。7. be put in prison【原句回放】 It was very dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison for years.（page 34 line 23）【点拨】be put in prison 意为“被关进监狱；监禁”。prison前不加冠词，还可以说be sent / thrown into prison；若前加冠词则表示具体的建筑物或场所。put in prison = send.to prison = throw .into prison 把投入监狱如：He fought for the black people and was in prison for thirty years.他为了黑人而斗争被抓进监狱30年。The car thieves have been put in prison. 偷车贼被关进了监狱。be in prison 在狱中，被监禁He has been in prison for five years. 他被监禁了5年。【拓展】相关的词组：go to prison 入狱 break (out of )prison 越狱有些短语有无冠词意义不一样； 除prison外，还有：go to church 做礼拜， go to the church 去教堂； at table 在吃饭， at the table在桌子旁； out of question 毫无疑问， out of the question 不可能等。随时练1. He _ in prison for five years and you may see him at home next year.A. has been put B. has been thrown C. was sent D. has been2. During wartime, the religious leader was _ in Monahan for two years.A. put in a prison B. put in the prison C. put in prison D. put in prisons【解析】1. B,C 两项搭配的介词不是in. A项表示一次性的动作，不接延续时间；D项是be 的完成式表示状态，还在监狱，要到家里去看他的时间只能是明年。2.put sb in prison 是固定词组，把某人投入监狱。prison 前不加冠词，prison 用单数。8. reward【原句回放】They said that the job and the pay from the new South African government was my reward after working all my life for equal rights for the Blacks. (Page 38 line19)【点拨】reward n. 报酬，奖金如：He worked hard but without much reward. 他工作很努力但是没有什么报酬。in reward 作为报酬如：She got nothing in reward for her kindness. 对她的仁慈我无以回报。vt. 酬谢，给以报答reward sb for sth 因而奖赏某人reward sb with sth 因酬劳某人He rewarded me with a prize. 他给我一个奖励作为报酬。【拓展】reward 一般指通过做某事获得的回报或者报酬，可以是钱，也可以是物品或精神鼓舞。award 指的是由评委经过认真考虑颁发的奖品。prize指在比赛中获得的奖项。随时练1.It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to_.A. reward B. prizes C. awards D. results【解析】1.句意：“小孩子喜欢做事是因为这样会带来奖励。”在此句中，这种奖励大多时候是精神上的。9. should have done【原句回放】He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evening when we should have been asleep.【点拨】should do & should have doneshould do 表示应该做，一般指现在或将来的动作，指过去的动作时应站在过去的角度。should have done 表示本应该做而没有做的。站在现在的角度上评说过去的事情。如：He should have come earlier. 你本应该来早点，却没来。You should come earlier tomorrow. 明天你应该早来点。You should have written to your mother. 你本应该写信给你的母亲。My teacher said I should study harder. 老师告诉我我应该努力学习。随时练1.I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _at least 150 kilometers an hour.A. should have been doingB. must have been doing C. could have done D. would have done2. -Has the manager left? -He _ have left because his car is still in the parking lot.A. mustnt B. shouldnt C. neednt D. cannot【解析】1. 句意“我对这辆车的车速进行推测，肯定速度至少在150公里每小时”。C项意为：本来能（实际上没做）。2. 句意：-经理走了吗？-他不可能走，因为他的车还在停车场。mustnt have done 是错误的表达，shouldnt have done 本来不该做某事（实际上已经做了）；neednt have done本来没有必要要做某事（实际上已经做了）。10. 重点句型：only then.【原句回放】.only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.【点拨】only then 此处引起倒装句，当only修饰状语位于句首时，句子采用部分倒装的结构。如：Only by practicing a few hours every day will you be able to master English.只要每天都练习几个小时你就能够掌握英语。only 修饰主语时，句子不倒装。Only he knew how to solve the problem. 只有他知道怎么解决问题。【拓展】含有否定意义的副词或连词放于句首句子半倒装，主要有：hardly, never, little, seldom, nor, neither, not only.but also.如：Never will we meet again. 我们再也不会见面。（2）so, such 放在句首，表示主语或状语，主句倒装。 如：So loudly did he speak that he made himself heard. 他说话这么大声以至于别人能听见自己。（3）so, neither, nor 放在句首，表示主语与前面的主语情况相同。 如：she is a teacher, so am I. 她是个老师，我也是。随时练1._Carolina couldnt get the door open.A. Might she as try B. As she might try C. She might as try D. Try as she might【解析】as引导让步状语从句，要部分倒装，把形容词，副词，名词或实义动词提前。B,C未用倒装，A项might 不可提前，而应提前try。写作进行时【例题】人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。赞成的理由 反对的理由 你的看法1. 广交朋友2. 可自由表达思想3. 利于外语学习 1. 浪费时间2. 影响学习3. 可能上当受骗 ？注意： 1.文章必须包括表中的全部内容。2.词数为100左右。【写作过程】1. 审题： 本文是一个表格题有利也有弊，最主要的是要说清你自己的理由。2. 相关词汇: 网络朋友 on-line friend(s)； 上当受骗 to be cheated； chatting 聊天；It is my opinion that 在我看来3. 谋篇： 第一要把赞成的理由和反对的理由说清楚，不要逐句翻译。 第二是要注意这种题自由性很大，要注意不要随意乱说，要把自己的观点充分的说明。4. 写作：者两个单元讲的语法是定语从句，写作时要尽量运用。【参考范文】Should students make friends on line? Some people say yes. The Internet helps make many friends. Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, and even get help with their foreign language studies.Others，however, think students should not. They say making friends on line is a waste of time, which should be spent more meaningfully on study. Besides, some students get cheated on line.It is my opinion that students should place their study, health and safety before other things. As for friendship, we can readily find it in our classmates and other people around us.定语从句相关讲解限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that。3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。 1) This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。 2) Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为“的”字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译） 比较: He has a sister, who is a musician. He has a sister who is a musician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who，whom， whose， 指物时用which，whose； 关系副词when，where，why，etc.1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4. He was proud, which his brother never was.as 的用法 (as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)(1) 如为限制性的，多用于the same.as； the same as；such.as.； as many/much as；so.as等结构中。如：1. I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用，在从句中用作表语，先行词是same。)2. -Why didnt you mention that in face of the police just now? - I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests. Dont do such things as you are not sure about. There is no such place as you dream of in all this world. 比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in. Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday. 比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）(2) 如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为“正如，这一”。（动词常为know，see，expect，point out，etc.）1. As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health. (as 作宾语) =As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health. (as 作主语） =Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health. 或: Smoking is harmful to ones health, as we all know.（as 作宾语） 或: Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.2. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子) as & which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别： (1) 位置的不同： which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。 如：1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry. 2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或 Jack is an honest man, as you know. 或 As you know, Jack is an honest man. (2) 先行词的不同： as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子； which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。 1. He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词） She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.（先行词是一个短语） He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子） 2. He is an honest man, as is known to all. He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent. (3) as 一般译为 “正如”、“就像”， “这一点” as we all know；as you know； as is known to all；as you see； as we can see； as has been expected；as we have imagined附: 关系代词的省略:1. This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.2. He asks for the latest book there is on the shelf.3. -What did the football player you were talking to want? -He would like to read or listen to an account of everything there is going on in the world.语法专练1 The best work _ Luxun wrote and _ I have read has been made into a film.A. which; that B. that; C. ; that D. ; 2 It was in 1969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.It was 1969 _