中国书法介绍(英文版)CalligraphyIntroduction

Calligraphycalligraphy is understand in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art . as such it is peueIn the history of Chinese art，Calligraphy has always been held in equal importance to painting。great attention is also paid today to its development by holding exhibitions of anci Ent and contemporary works and by organizing competitions amongsharing of experience in this field o Ften makes a feature in sino-Japanese culltural exchange。Chinese calligraphy，like the script itself，began with the hierarchy PHS and，over the long ages of evolution，Has developed variousClassificationChinese scripts are generally divided into five categories :The seal character (zhuan)、the official or cleric script (Li)、the regular script (kai)、the running hand(xrunning hand)1)the zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing after the Oracle inscriptions，Which must have caused great inconveningthe first effort for the Unifation of writing，it is said，took place during the re ign of king Xuan(827-782 b . c .)of the westernit is also known as Zhou Wen after the name of the author。this script，offten used in seals，Is translated into English as the seal character，or as the curly script after the shape ofwhich some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin had long been lost，Yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptWhen，in221b.c .emperor Qin Shihuang unified the whole of China under one central government，He ordered his prime minister Li si to contral governmentwhat Li did，in effect，was to simplify the ancient zhuan(small seal)脚本。today we have a most valuable reliec of this ancient writing in the creator Li sis own hand engraved on a stele standing in the temple to the god of tai Shanthe 2，200-year-old stele，worn by age and weather，has only nine and a half characters left on it。2)the lishu(official script)came in the wake of the xiazhan in the same short-lived Qin dynasty(221-207 b . c .this was because the xiaozhen，though a simplified form of script，Was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government officecheng Miao，A prison warden，made A further simplification of the xiazhou，Changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and angularanother version says that cheng Miao，because of certain offence，beame a prisoner and slave himselfas the ancients also called bound slave Li ，so the script was named lishu or the script of a slave 。3)the lishu was already very close to，and led to the adoption of，kai Shu，Regular script。the oldt existing of this dates from the Wei(220-265)，And the script developed under the Jin(265-420)。the standard writing today is square in form，Non-cursenive and architectural in style。The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-The dot，the horizontal，The vertical，the hookany asirat for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kai Shu。4)on the basis of lishu also evolved Cao Shu(grass writing or cursenive hand)，Which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copiesthis style is subdivided into two schools : koang Cao and jincao。the first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by the Han dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries b . c . the characters，Though writtenjincao or the modern cursenive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang zh(？-c . 192 a . d .)of the eastern Han dynasty，flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popullar today。It is the essence of the Cao Shu，especally jincao，That the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together。the characters are often joined up，With the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next .they also vary in size in the same piece of writing，all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer。a great master at Cao Shu was Zhang Xu(early 8th century)of the Tang dynasty，Noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brundonit is said that he would not set about writing until he had got drunk。this he did，Allowing the brush to gallop across the paper，curling，twsting or meandring in one un broken stroke，Thus CCStoday one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting，kept in the procial museum of Shaanxi。用于Xingshu的the best example and model，all Chinese calligraphies will agre