2020届高考英语 考前冲刺精选语法资料非谓语动词用法比较

2020;2020届高考英语考前冲刺精选语法资料非谓语动词用法比较一构成形式make主动语态被动语态否定式一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式前面直接加notto doto maketo be makingto have madeto be madeto have been madeingmakinghaving madebeing madehaving been madeed made vt.(被动完成) risen vi (主动完成)二用法句法功能基本用法主宾表定状补to do表目的，将来，某一次具体动作ing1.习惯性动作，抽象概念 2.主动进行，令人的ed被动，完成，感到的三逻辑主语及复合结构逻辑主语及复合结构不定式-ing过去分词for/of sb to do 1.主格代词/名词+doing (状语)2.形物代/宾格和名词所有格/普通格+doing(主,宾语)主格代词/名词+done (状语)He came here to borrow a book. I pretended to be reading when my mother came in.She is said to have been sent to Europe on business Being a student, he was interested in books.Having done his homework, he went to bed. The question being discussed is important.四用法比较（一）不定式和-ing形式作主语的区别1. -ing和不定式都可以作主语，-ing作主语表示一般或抽象的经常性，习惯性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Learning a foreign language is very useful.It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)2.-不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。常见句型有it is adj. (of/for sb.) to do sth.It took will and patience to do anything well. It is nice of you to say so.3.-ing在“It is no use/ no good/useless + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.写信给他不妥，他从来不回信。It is no good crying the spilt milk.覆水难收4. 主表对称原则Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.（二）不定式和ing形式作宾语的区别1.-ing形式作宾语通常表示一般的、经常性的行为，而不定式作宾语表示特定的、具体的、一次性动作I like swimming ,but I dont like to swim today.2. 1)有些动词或短语要求只接不定式作宾语：hope/ manage/ refuse/ pretend/ plan/ offer/ decide/ agree/ fail/ afford/ happen/ should(would) like/love/ be likely + to do2)有些动词或短语只接ing作宾语：enjoy 喜欢； practise 练习； finish 完成； avoid 避免； imagine 想象； keep 保留； mind 在意； miss 错过； suggest 建议；admit 承认 ； risk 冒险； dislike 讨厌；appreciate 欣赏；forgive 宽恕；delay 耽搁； excuse 原谅 ； feel like 想要；give up 放弃； put off 推迟； look forward to期望, keep on一直, set about着手,She finished reading the book (看完这本书）yesterday.Will you admit having broken the window?你承认不承认打破了窗户？Do you feel like taking a walk?你要不要去散步？We are looking forward to coming to China.我们期待着来中国。Do you mind my smoking in the room？你介意我在室内吸烟吗？（三）作宾补时,三者的区别1.有些动词接不定式作宾补： （和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或全过程；表一次性动作）Tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn/ encourage/ get/ ask + sb to doHe asked me to finish the work in time.2感官动词,使役动词后接do/doing/done作宾补：do （和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将要发生或已经完成,do变被动以后前要加to.）doing (强调动作正在进行，尚未完成；延续性动词)done （表动作已经完成，或被动，多强调状态）注： have make letget(使役动词)；listen to hear look atsee watch observe notice findfeel(感官动词)I heard her sing the song many times. I found her listening to the radio.I heard her singing the song when I passed her room.Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard.I had my bike repaired yesterday.（四）作表语时三者的区别1).不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。My job is to help the patient now.（ 说明主语具体内容）2) -ing形式作表语：表示抽象的、一般性的经常性的行为。（说明主语具体内容，主表可换位）His hobby is collecting stamps表“令人如何如何”（主语所具有的特征），如： astonishing exciting moving surprising tiring interesting amusing shocking worryingHis report is interesting. The music sounds exciting.3)-V-ed：“让人感到如何如何”（主语所处的状态）如：astonished excited moved surprised tired interested amused shocked worried disappointed frightened marriedpleased puzzled satisfied等The cups are broken. She is interested in the job.Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.（五）作定语时,三者的区别1.不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，若为动宾关系，动词须为及物动词。常常修饰代词anything/something/noting，名词 chance/ opportunity等 或由序数或形容词最高级修饰的名词。You are the third one to enter the room. I have something important to say.I need a pen to write with. The question to be discussed tomorrow will be important.2.-ing作定语表多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性）He has a reading room. a sleeping car表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句;a sleeping boy The girl gathering flowers is beautiful.The question being discussed now is important.3.过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成，可换为定语从句。a broken cup The question discussed yesterday is important.All the people invited to the meeting are VIP.(All the people who are invited to the meeting are VIP. )We can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.(We can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )（六）.作状语时,三者的区别 （常都可以变为状语从句）1)不定式作状语通常表示原因(谓动之前) 目的(谓动之后)(可用so as to/in order to替换 ) 结果 (意想不到的结果，常为only to do)We were very excited to hear the news To get there on time I got up very early.He travelled around the world to give lectures. He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.2)-ing或过去分词作状语通常表示原因 时间 条件 让步 结果(意料之中) 伴随（逗号）(主语一致性；-ing表主动，过去分词表被动)Hearing a sound ,the baby stopped crying. Given an apple, the child stopped crying.Not satisfied with the result, we decided to do the experiment again.Having lived in the country for many years, she knows how to grow vegetables.When/If heated, ice will be changed into water.Seen from the top of the mountain, the village looks very small.Being very small, computers are widely used.His parents died, leaving him an orphan.He cut off the electricity,preventing an accident.The teacher entered the room,followed by some students.The teacher entered the room and he was followed by some students.非谓语动词特殊用法：一.下列情况用不定式：.sth. be adj(harddifficulteasyheavy) to do The question is difficult to answer.sb. have sth. to do I have a lot of work to do.There be sth. to doto be done There is nothing to talk about.find (thinkfeelconsidermakebelieve) it adj to do sthThere is no need to do.一般介词后面不可用不定式作宾语，（except, but除外）He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. She did nothing but cry.注：不定式作结果/程度状语常见五种结构:so.as to do 如此以致 suchas to do如此以致enough()to do 足以 tooto do 太而不能only to do 结果/未曾料到-做了某事二在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + doing； be busy (in) +doing； There is no point (in) + doing”等结构中， in常要省去。The children are busy doing their homework.孩子们忙于做作业。There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again.再做一次这种简单的实验是毫无意义的。三在（be）worth后面只能用-ing的主动态来表示被动意义。His suggestion is worth considering.他的提议值得考虑,此句可转换成：His suggestion is worthy to be considered.四下列动词即可不定式作宾语也可不定式作宾补：wantexpectwishpromise +(sb) to do五get have leavekeep +sb doing (使处于某状态) Im sorry Ive kept you waiting.六注意下列动词的用法：allow adviseforbidpermitintend(sb) consider（认为考虑）-sb to do doingbe used to -do被用来做某事doing习惯做某事cant help- doing 情不自禁做某事 to do不能帮助做某事love， like ，prefer- doing一般性经常动作 to do 一次性动作need，require，want (需要)- doing= to be donetry- to do 试图做某事