2020年高考英语 热点专题-定语从句

高考二轮英语专题复习 定语从句【专题综述】定语从句是高中英语学习的重要语法项目之一，在高考各个题型中都有可能会涉及到。它的结构和用法比较复杂，是高中阶段英语学习的一个重点，也是高考英语常考的一个考点，是历年高考的热点，掌握定语从句对于语言理解和运用具有重要的意高考资源网义。对定语从句的考查角度较多，分析近几年的高考试题发现：从从句类型上看，考查非限制定语从句，限制性定语从句；从关系词上看，关系代词which，关系副词where，关系副词when均有考查；从介词+关系代词方面，也有涉及。当然不管从那个方面考查，只要弄清定语从句的有关概念就可以“以不变应万变”。因此学生复习备考中要注意：1了解有关定语从句的所有语法规则，弄清从句中关系代词和关系副词的区别。2分清及物动词和不及物动词，判断句子结构是否完整，注意句子中逗号的语法作用。3注意先行词的特殊性和关系代词的选择，依据先行词来选择“介词+关系代词”的结构。4. 加强有关定语从句的理解和练习。【专题要点】定语从句要点概述：1.关系代词和关系副词的区别。当先行词是时间或地点时，如何判断用关系副词when, where还是which或that；2.when,where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别；3.“介词+关系代词which/whom”引导的定语从句，关键要找准先行词或定语从句中的谓语动词的固定搭配；4.that, which引导定语从句的区别；5.as引导的定语从句；6.such-as与such-that的区别；the same-as/that的用法；7.the way作先行词时用that/in which引导或省略that或in which；8.that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别。【考纲要求】对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+ofwhich/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。【学法导航】根据考纲要求，考生在复习备考时要弄清定语从句的先行词与关系词的关系；关系代词、关系副词的选择和运用；限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的用法以及强调句式和同位语从句和定语从句的区别。把握命题规律，一般定语从句的命题热点内容如下：1.that与which的选用；that与where/when的选用；2.“介词+which/whom”结构中介词的选用；3.“介词+which”与when/where间的区别与联系；4.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别；5.“不定代词/数词+ofwhich/whom”与“不定代词/数词+ofthem”的选用；6.定语从句中的主谓一致现象。 1定语从句可以说是各地高考必然首先考虑的重要考点，在题目设计的过程中，势必会以“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句为热点，以非限制性定语从句为重点，以关系副词where引导的定语从句为难点。7在疑问句中或倒装句中考查定语从句8. 通过拆分词组和固定搭配或者添加插入语或状语来考查定语从句做到了以上几点就能轻松拿到定语从句的分数。【专题突破】总体做题采用还原法：即把先行词还原到定语从句里边，看一下做什么成分、指人、物；做主语、宾语还是状语等即可突破，具体说：1. 根据句子结构划出定语从句（划完后必须是两个独立的句子）。2. 根据先行词的特点、功能进一步选择。如果先行词在定语从句中主、宾语，则选关系代词。如果先行词在定语从句中做状语，则用关系副词。3. 根据先行词的具体用法进一步选择。【知识网络】 定语从句用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句代替人 代替物代替人或物主语 Who which that主语 Whomwhich that宾语 Whose（=of whom） whose（=of which）This is the detective who came from London.The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.The desk whose leg is broken is very old.This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2.关系代词的用法（1）如果先行词是all，much，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which.例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.（2）如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first，last，any，only，few，mush，no，some，very等词修饰，关系代词常用that，不用which，who，或whom.例如：（3）非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that，作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：There are about seven million people taking part in theelection，most of whom、are well educated.（4）which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition，which made his parents very happy.（5）that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。（6）which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征。品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。（7）如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which；若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who.（8）先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that.例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.（9）如果先行词是anyone，anybody，everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用which.例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you？3.“介词关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构（1）“介词关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词”结构中的介词可以是in，on，about，from，for，with，to at，of，without 等，关系代词只可用whom或which，不可用that .（2）from where为“介词关系副词”结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill，from where we can see the town（3）像listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take careof等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二、关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间。地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。2. that可引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词 when，where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因，在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词。关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据（1） 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语。宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。3.先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：1）This is the article written by him that is poke to you about2）He was the only person in this country who was invited四、as在定语从句中的用法1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。（2）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which.例如：The elephants nose is like a snake，as anybody can see.（3）the same- that与 the same -as在意思上是不同的。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面。中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：（1）As is expected，the England team won the football match.（2）The earth runs around the sun，as is known by everyone.3.as, which的比较1).在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.2).如从句在主句之前，用asAs we all know, his parents were killed in this war.As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.3).如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有“正如”“就象”之意时，用asWe won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.4). 当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用asThis is the same book as you bought yesterday.同类书 (比较：This is thesame book that you bought yesterday.同一本书)Dont believe in such men as praise you to your face.I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can workout.5). 当从句内容对主句内容起消极作用，则用whichThe young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgraced.6). as 也可以用来引导非限制性定语从句， 用来指待一件事，这时它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.As we know from his accent, he is an American.He, as we know from his accent, is an American.As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as Ican see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc.五、定语从句中的主谓一致。1.定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词的形式一致。2. one of名词复数关系代词复数动词3. the only of 名词复数关系代词单数动词The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.六、way 后面的定语从句：the way + in which / that /省略定语从句I dont understand the way in which / that / they worked out this problem.七、that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句的区别：1The fact that we talked about is very important.(that引导的是定语从句，that作宾语，可省略。)2 The fact that the Chinese invented the compass is known toall.(that引导的是同位语从句，that不作成分，不能省略，句子介绍的是fact的具体内容。)八、非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是非限制性定语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词了。1. The old man has three sons,and two of them are doctors.2. The old man has three sons, two of whom are doctors.九、易与定语从句混淆的其他从句定语从句与状语从句(主要指时间状语从句和地点状语从句)、名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、强调结构等易混淆，要注意它们之间的区别。A状语从句B名词性从句：定语从句与主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句的区别。C强调结构【专题考案】1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. whoB. whichC. whomD. when2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.A. whoseB. whoC. whomD. which3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as4. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. whenB. where C. whichD. who5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.A. whomB. whichC. whoD. when7. Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. whenB. whereC. whichD. who8. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. whoB. /C. thatD. when9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker.A. whoB. whom C. to whom D. to who10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour.A. with whom B. whenC. to whom D. which11. The doctor _ is leaving for Africa next month.A. the nurse is talking to himB. whom the nurse is talkingC. the nurse is talking toD. who the nurse is talking12. The man _ around our school is from America.A. which you showedB. you showed himC. you showed D. where you showed13. He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard.A. of whom B. from whom C. about thatD. who14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in whichD. which15. Have you read the book _ I lent to you?A. thatB. whomC. when D. whose16. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. that B. which C. whateverD. all17. The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those18. This is the very letter _came last night.A. whoB. which C. thatD. as19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask _ knows better than I.A. whoever B. whomever C. anyoneD. the one20. This is the school _ we visited three days ago.A. whereB. /C. whenD. what21. This is the factory _ we worked a year ago.A. whereB. that C. whichD. on which22. Nearby were two canoes _ they had come to the island.A. which B. in whichC. thatD. /23. Jack is pleased with _ you have given him and all _ you have told him.A. that, what B. what, that C. which, whatD. that, which24. Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow?A. thatB. which C. its D. whose25. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. whom B. who C. to whomD. form whom26. Is this school _ we visited three years ago?A. the one B. which C. thatD. where27. Is this the school _ we visited three years ago?A. the oneB. where C. in which D. /28, How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country?A. whoseB. who C. whom D. which29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.A. itB. which C. that D. he30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage _ already seven other people.A. when there were B. which there wereC. that there were D. where there were31. I live in the house _ windows face south.A. whichB. whose C. where D. in that32. - What game is popular with them?- The _ most is tennis.A. game they like it B. game they likeC. best game they like D. best game they like it33. They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. which B. which time C. during which timeD. during which34. The room _ Mr White lives is not very large.A. thatB. which C. where D. when35. Dont forget the day _ you were received into the Youth League.A. when B. that C. at which D. where36. Ive finished writing the novel, _ is to be published next month.A. thatB. what C. which D. when37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected.A. which B. as C. that D. it38. _ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.A. WhatB. As C. That D. Which39. The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War .A. whose B. that C. whom D. who40. I have bought two pens, _ write well.A. none of which B. neither of whichC. both of which D. all of which41. Do you know the reason _ she has changed her mind?A. whyB. whichC. for that D. of which42. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough.A. which B. whatC. it D. that43. During the week _ he tried to collect materials for his article.A. following B. followed C. to followD. that followed44. _ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.A. ItB. Which C. As D. That45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, _ his father expected.A. that was what B. what was thatC. and which was D. which was what46. We should read such books _ will make us better and wiser.A. whenB. as C. whose D. what47. You must show my wife the same respect _ you show me.A. when B. as C. whose D. what48. He is absent _ is often the case.A. what B. which C. who D. as49. It is the first time _ I have come to your city.A. that B. which C. what D. when50. Who _ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.A. who B. that C. whom D. which51. I