安徽省巢湖市春晖中学2020届高考英语 考前冲刺精品讲义阅读理解类考察角度阅读理解4

安徽省巢湖市春晖中学2020届高考英语考前冲刺精品讲义阅读理解类考察角度阅读理解题型是高考英语试卷中的重中之重，分值最高；在时间和速度上也最难操作，从某种程度说，它决定高考的成功与否。高考阅读理解要求考生在35分钟左右的时间内，完成对四到五篇短文的理解。这几篇短文涵盖了记叙文、说明文、议论文和报刊、广告、书信应用文等多种体裁，涉及人物、故事、社会、文化、政治、经济、科普、新闻和广告等多种题材。纵观近五年的高考试题，我们也能看得出，阅读理解选材特点是：鲜明的时代感、丰富多样的题材、灵活多样的形式和浓厚的原汁原味性，体现了现代英语的特点，加大了内容的复杂程度和长难句子，反映了现代科学及现实生活中的新发展、新变化。如果没有良好的阅读素养和英语语感，读起来晦涩难懂、不知所云。它考查的不仅是考生对整篇文章的把握能力，还考查了他们快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节，以及复杂句子的能力；考生不仅要理解文章的表层意思，更重要的是要通过文章的表层去合理推断、挖掘文章的隐含意义、延伸意义。这是对考生能力、智力、心理的一个综合检验。阅读理解的常见题型为：主旨大意题、分析推理题、细节理解题、猜测词义题；其中以细节判断试题为主，并加大深层次理解试题和篇章结构试题的考查力度。近几年阅读理解的题型特点：1词汇量不断攀升近几年高考阅读理解部分的阅读量一直保持增长的趋势，阅读量的增加意味着对阅读速度的要求在提高，因此我们要提醒和培养考生提高阅读速度。2更加注重综合理解能力的考查阅读理解能力测试的主要设题方式有：(1)理解所读材料的主旨和大意；(2)理解文中用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；(3)根据上下文推断词、短语或句子的含义；(4)根据文章的叙述，作出简单的推断判断；(5)理解文章的基本篇章结构；(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。【问题描述与分析】有一类阅读理解题，要求考生为短文找出最佳标题(title)或中心思想(main idea)等，这是考查领悟文章主旨大意的能力。此题型要求考生在理解全文后归纳短文大意，概括中心思想，或选择短文的标题，这些都暗含在文章中。要充分注意文章的首尾句、段。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的梗概，尤其是新闻类的，第一段常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达文章的中心思想。文章的段落则经常由开头的一句作主题句，来概括该段的中心思想。但不少文章或段落中，中心思想贯穿在整个文章中。必须具备一定的归纳和概括能力，才能选对答案。因此，此类题有些属于浅层次理解上的档次，而很多考生缺乏领悟文章主旨大意的能力，常常被一些枝节问题缠绕，导致题目做错而失分。新课标区的高考阅读理解试题的一大特点就是倾向于从语篇的角度进行考查，文章的主题要根据全文的信息进行推理判断，在考试的过程中，如果过分纠缠细节，容易以偏概全，或者归纳的主题太泛；如果碰到有的文章所涉及的素材是自己所熟悉的，考生容易主观臆断而背离命题意向。解答主旨大意题时，考生容易将文章中出现的细节误认为是文章或段落的中心思想。虽然细节内容与主旨大意有一定联系，但不可以偏概全。如果过于纠缠文章中的细节，而不从总体上把握作者要阐明的内容，就容易做错题。【例】 Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws(爪子)on its wings when young. They build their homes about 4.6 m above the river, an important feature(特征)for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin.In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside. The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature, though, is only found in the young.Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip. Using these four claws, together with the beak(喙)，they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done, When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they lose their claws.During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.(2020全国卷)What is the text mainly about?AHoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.BThe relatives and enemies of hoatzins.CPrimitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon.DThe appearance and living habits of hoatzins.解析：本文第一段说，在亚马逊河流域有一种鸟，先学会游泳后学会飞翔，第二段说它们的外表，第三段叙述这种鸟从幼鸟到学会飞翔的蜕变，第四段讲述其生活特性，即在每年的12月到次年的3月以及4月份雨季来临时它们的生活习性。从这些叙述看，本文的主题是D，介绍这种叫hoatzin的鸟的外表和生活习性。B项“hoatzin的天敌与亲戚”在本文没有提到，A项“在雨季和干燥季节的hoatzin”，C项“始祖鸟与亚马逊的hoatzins”都是文章的部分内容。考生由于看不懂或者理解片面，都有可能导致选错。答案：D【解决方案与复习指南】做此类题目时，首先要搞清题意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中蕴涵的信息往往是关键信息。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点就是有一个反复出现的中心词即主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。此外，还要学会借助文章的结构来把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主题句(topic sentence)来表达。一篇文章的中心思想常常在开始段或结尾段点出，因此，要特别注意段首、段尾及主题句。对于没有明显的主题句的文章，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，归纳出主题句进而概括出文章的中心思想。略读是阅读的第一步。特别是在考场上时间紧、阅读量大的情况下，要获取答题所需要的信息，有时不能按常规逐字逐句地读，而是要一个意群一个意群地扫描，省略大量与所寻信息无关的词句，以求提高答题效率。重点掌握以下三点：1抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。2抓住段落大意，概括中心思想寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的重点，考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的。最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。3抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。如：To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human.Common sense is not all that common.Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?These three popular misquotes(戏谑的引语)are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people dont want to accept the responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do.The original quote about human nature went like this：“To err is human, to forgive, divine(神圣的)”This saying mirrors an ideal people should be forgiving of others mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the oppositefind someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a making of great maturity.Common sense is what we call clear thought. Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well, and it also means staying with the plan. Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. Common sense does not seem to be common for large organizations, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. People say that in a large company, “the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing.”And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is “good” even if it isnt honest, then where is the place of the truth？(2020天津卷)What would be the best title for this passage?AA Mirror of Human NatureBTo Blame or to ForgiveCA Mark of MaturityDTruth of Excuse解析：本题要选出最佳标题，应从文章的主旨大意出发，升华一个最佳标题。A.人性的镜子；B.责备或原谅；C.成熟的标志；D.借口的真相。B、C、D都是文章的一个方面，标题不能以偏赅全，因此选A。答案：AL1PITORABOUT LIPITORLipitor is a prescription medicine. Along with diet and exercise, it lowers “bad” cholesterol(胆固醇) in your blood. It can also raise “good” cholesterol.Lipitor can lower the risk of heart attack in patients with several common risk factors, including family history of early heart disease, high blood pressure, age and smoking.WHO IS LIPITOR FOR？Who can take LIPTTOR：People who cannot lower their cholesterol enough with diet and exerciseAdults and children over 10Who should NOT take LIPITOR：Women who are pregnant, may be pregnant, or may become pregnant. Lipitor may harm your unborn baby.Women who are breastfeeding. Lipitor can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby.People with liver(肝脏)problemsPOSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIPITORSerious side effects in a small number of people：Muscle(肌肉)problems that can lead to kidney(肾脏)problems, including kidney failureLiver problems. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your liver before you start Lipitor and while you are taking it.Call your doctor right away if you have：Unexplained muscle pain or weakness, especially if you have a fever or feel very tiredSwelling of the face, lips, tongue, and/or throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowingStomach painSome common side effects of LIPITOR are：Muscle painUpset stomachChanges in some blood testsHOW TO TAKE LIPITORDo：Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctor.Try to eat hearthealthy foods while you take Lipitor.Take Lipitor at any time of day, with or without food.If you miss a dose(一剂), take it as soon as you remember. But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose, wait. Take the next dose at your regular time.Dont：Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor.Do not start new medicines before talking to your doctor.(2020湖南卷)1What is a major function of Lipitor?ATo help quit smoking.BTo control blood pressure.CTo improve unhealthy diet.DTo lower “bad” cholesterol.解析：事实细节题。根据第一栏中首段内容可得知，本药品主要功效是降低身体有害胆固醇的含量，同时增加有益胆固醇的含量。故答案为D项。答案：D2Taking Lipitor is helpful for_.Abreastfeeding womenBwomen who are pregnantCadults having heart diseaseDteenagers with liver problems解析：事实细节题。根据第二栏内容可知，孕妇和哺乳期妇女以及肝脏有问题的人群不宜服用本药品，故可排除A、B和D项；根据第一栏中第二段的内容可知，本药品可降低病人患心脏病的风险。故答案为C项。答案：C3If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose, you should_.Achange the amount of your next doseBeat more when taking your next doseChave a dose as soon as you rememberDtake the next dose at your regular time解析：事实细节题。根据最后一栏Do的最后一点可知，如果漏服一剂药品超过12个小时，按规定时间服用下一剂就可以了，故答案为D项。答案：D4Which of the following is a common side effect of taking Lipitor?AFace swelling. BUpset stomach.CKidney failure. DMuscle weakness.解析：事实细节题。根据第三栏中Some common side effects of LIPITOR are 的内容可知答案为B项。答案：B5What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo teach patients ways for quick recovery.BTo present a report on a scientific research.CTo show the importance of a good lifestyle.DTo give information about a kind of medicine.解析：主旨大意题。通读全文概括可知，文章主要介绍了一种降低胆固醇含量的药品，故答案为D项。答案：D应用文Columbus College, 241Queen Elizabeth Drive, Kowloon CityMemoTo: All StaffFrom: Jakie Mok, Secretary; Sports Development CommitteeDate: May 20, 2020A week ago, “Sports for Life” programme was sent to the parents, requiring them to select a sport they wanted their child to play. Since then, our staff have received lots of calls from parents asking for more information about it. Here is a memo(备忘录)for your reference when you answer the phones.Sports 1: Basketball.We expect that this will be the most popular of the four sports. Therefore, students should be advised to sign up as soon as possible. Students will take a private bus to and from Kwun Tong Sports Park. To cover the cost of hiring a bus, each student will have to pay $10 each time. There will befour basketball courts available for our use with one teacher watching over each game.Sports 2: GymWe will be using St. Peters Memorial Park. There are two reasons for choosing this park. First, it is not very busy and crowded before 600p.m. Second, it has lots of trees with plenty of shade. Students must bring along two bottles of water to prevent thirst. Three activities, skipping, jogging, outdoor aerobics(有氧运动), all of which are free of charge, will be arranged. And there will be a teacher on duty for each of the activities.Sports 3：HikingHiking(远足)will take place at Kowloon Peak. The activitiy will start at 230 pm. and finish 90 minutes later. Three teachers will accompany the students, and a hiking instructor will accompany each group of 15 hikers. Each instructor will cost $75/hr. Studenty are advised to bring plenty of water and sunscreen.Sports 4: SwimmingThe Kowloon City Aquatic Centre is a 10minute walk from our school. Four teachers will go to the pool and conduct the goingson from the poolside. We will only be able to reserve the pool for one hour (i. e. 245p.m. to 345p.m.). Only students skilful at swimming can take up this activity. The pool will have two lifeguards present. Girls must wear a swimming suit. The cost is $10 per visit.(2020福建卷)1Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?AStudents selecting basketball had better register early.BStudents participating in gym should arrive at 600 pm.CHiking usually begins at 230 pm and lasts 2 hours.DStudents having swimming suits can take up swimming.解析：事实细节题。由Basketball所在栏第二句“.students should be advised to sign up as soon as possible”可知要打篮球的话，要尽快登记，因此A项正