把握语境巧解“情态动词 ＋ 不定式完成式”结构

把握语境 巧解“情态动词 不定式完成式”结构“情态动词 不定式完成式”是高考英语语法测试中一个相当重要的语言结构，也是历届高考语法试题青睐的对象，但不管试题怎么改头换面，在以下几个方面仍然存在相同之处： 所描述的事情都发生在过去，句中多有表示过去的时间状语或语境暗示； 测试方向基本不变。一定是“情态动词 不定式完成式”结构的七类型之一； 命题特点不变。为了测试考生对这一语言结构的灵活使用情况，每道题都设计了较为真实的语言环境。因此，考生只要真正掌握了这一结构的七种类型，解题时紧扣语境，问题一般都会迎刃而解。一 should + have + 过去分词 或 ought to + have + 过去分词考点领悟：这一结构常用来表示句子的主语在过去应该做而实际上并没有做的事，表达了说话者的一种责备、埋怨或后悔的语气。译作“本来应该”两种结构一般可以换用，但ought to 比should表达的语气更强烈，含有一种责任或义务本该如此。教材原句欣赏：He (Chuck) also learns that he should have cared more about his friends.真题演练：-Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.-You _her last week.A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have told试题分析：根据语境暗示，说话人A 表示“明天要告诉Mary关于她新分工作的事”, 而答话人B 显然是在责备对方，“早在上周就该告知她了”。再根据时间last week，过去应该做而实际还没做，D 符合题意要求。二 shouldnt + have +过去分词 或 oughtnt to + have + 过去分词考点领悟：这一结构其实就是（一）类型的否定结构，它表示句子主语在过去本来不该做而实际上却做了某事，译作“本来不该”教材原句欣赏：I shouldnt have used the computer without asking you first.真题演练：Oh, Im not feeling well in the stomach. I _so much fried chicken just now.A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eaten C. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat试题分析：语境暗示，我刚才吃了很多炸鸡肉，所以现在胃子很不舒服。说话人对自己先前的行为是一种后悔，不应该吃那么多的鸡肉而实际上已吃了，故选C。三 neednt + have +过去分词考点领悟：这一结构表示句子主语在过去做了不需要或没必要做的事情，暗含过去已发生的动作是一种时间或精力的浪费。译作“本来不必”“本来不需要”。真题演练：The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I _ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.A. should have taken B. could have taken C. neednt have taken D. mustnt have taken试题分析：语境暗示，我昨天以防万一带了雨伞，而结果天气却相当好，我本来可以不必要那么麻烦的。因此C符合语境。温馨提示：shouldnt ，oughtnt to 与neednt 加完成式的比较：前者表示已完成不该发生的动作，语气较强烈；后者表示已完成本不需要完成的动作，但做了也没什么大不了的，语气较舒缓。例如：You oughtnt to have written to them. 你本不该给他们写信。（含禁止语气）You neednt to have come. 你本来不需要来的。（含中庸语气）四 must + have +过去分词考点领悟：这一结构表示说话人对已经发生的事情进行的一种非常有把握的推测或判断，一般只用在肯定句中，译作“一定是”“想必是”。考生要特别注意，这一结构没有“mustnt + have + 过去分词”这一形式，要表达这一结构的否定含义应用到下边将谈到的“cant + have + 过去分词”形式。教材原句欣赏：Since then, archaeologists have found more than a thousand artifacts, including gold, jade, bronze and stone objects as well as a large quantity of ivory that must have come from at least 500 elephants.真题演练：-Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?-Something _to him.A. must happen B. should have happenedC. could have happened D. must have happened.试题分析：锁定语境：Tom上班从不迟到，今天怎么缺席了呢？语境暗示：一个上班从不迟到的人居然缺席了，那不是发生了什么事情才怪。正确答案选D。五 may/might + have + 过去分词考点领悟：这一结构表示说话者对过去可能已经发生的动作或存在的状态进行的一种不那么有把握的推测或猜想，译作“可能会”“或许是”。教材原句欣赏：There was a bone pin that may have been from a piece of clothing such as a leather coat.真题演练：Sorry, Im late. I _have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.A. might B. should C. can D. will试题分析：根据语境暗示：我来迟了，原因可能是我关掉了闹钟后又睡着了。委婉的语气中表达了说话者的歉疚之情，A 符合语境和题意。这一结构的否定形式为：may not + have + 过去分词，对已发生的动作进行一种委婉的否定，多译作“可能不会” , “或许不算是”。例如：（06年天津卷）We _have proved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.A. neednt B. may not C. shouldnt D. mustnt试题分析：句意应理解为：我们可能没有被证明是伟大的探险家，但我们却完成了近十年来最了不起的征途。正确答案选B。六 could + have + 过去分词考点领悟：这一结构用在肯定句中（此时不用can），表示本来有可能做到或能够做到，但实际上由于种种原因并没有做到的事情。多译作“本来可以”, 含有劝告，委婉责备之意。真题演练：-I stayed at a hotel while in New York.-Oh, did you? You _with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed试题分析：根据语境，说话人甲在New York的时候住在旅馆里，乙很惊讶地说：你本来可以和Barbara住在一起啊。嗔怪之情溢于言表，正确答案选A。温馨提示：这一结构用于疑问句时（此时可用can），表示对过去已发生事情的一种怀疑和不肯定，意为“可能会吗”。例如：Can she have been waiting for us so long? 她可能会等我们这么久吗？Could he have stayed at home all the time? 他真的会一直呆在家里吗？七 cant/couldnt + have + 过去分词考点领悟：这一结构表示说话者对过去或刚发生的动作进行的一种否定推测或判断，译作“一定不会”，“不可能”。可以看作是 “must + have + 过去分词”结构的否定形式。教材原句欣赏： She didnt recognize me. She cant have been the right person. The guards couldnt have been watching very carefully.真题演练：-Do you know where David is? I couldnt find him anywhere.-Well. He _have gone far-his coats still here.A. shouldnt B. mustnt C. cant D. wouldnt试题分析：语境暗示，他的外套还在这儿，那么他一定不会走远。对刚发生事情的一种否定推测，用情态动词cant 或couldnt, 正确答案选C。热身练习:1. (06陕西) As you worked late yesterday, you _have come this morning.A. maynt B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt2. (05北京) He _have completed his work, otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside.A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant3. (05天津) I _have been more than six years old when the accident happened.A. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt4. (05山东) He paid for a seat, when he _have entered free.A. could B. would C. must D. need5. (05福建)-Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.-Thanks. You _it. I could manage it.A. neednt do B. neednt have doneC. mustnt do D. shouldnt have done6. (03上海) My English-Chinese dictionary has disappea