江苏省淮安中学II部2020高三英语语法专题复习 十、虚拟语气和情态动词

十、虚拟语气和情态动词（一）虚拟语气I.知识重点掌握虚拟语气的概念，特别要掌握不同语境下，虚拟语气中主句与从句动词的变化形式以及掌握特殊句式中的虚拟语气。II.知识呈现虚拟语气就是表示说话人的愿望、假设或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。如：If I were a boy, I would join the army.If the had time, she should go with you.（2）表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如：If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition.（3）表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/could might + 动词原形。如；If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.（4）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)If you had asked him when you saw him last time, you would know what to do now.以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：条件状语从句主 句与过去事实相反had + 过去分词should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去时(be用were)would/should/could/might + 动词原形与将来事实相反一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形would/should/could/might + 动词原形注意：有时侯在使用时可省略if,句子则可换成下列形式，即“were / had / should +主语”。如：Were I a boy, I would join the army.Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.Were it not for the expense, I would go to Britain.注意：有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来，而是用otherwise, or, without, but for或分词短语、上下文来表示。、We didntknow his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.、Without you help, I wouldnt have achieved so much.、But for your help, I would not have succeeded.(4)、Having been given more money, we would have been to Hongkong instead of Dalian.(5)、-He would have failed in the experiment last time.-Luckily he followed your advice.2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句（1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来未能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去未能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如：I wish it were spring all the year round.I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird.在表示命令、建议、要求等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should) + 动词原形或是动词原形。如：She suggested we (should)leave here at once.The doctor ordered she should be operated.would rather +宾语从句I would rather I were a bird.(与现在情况相反，动词用过去式(be用were)I would rather that you hadnt known it. (与过去情况相反，动词用had+过去分词)I would rather you came here tomorrow. (与将来情况相反，动词用过去式(be用were)注意：suggest表“建议”insist 表“坚持要求”时，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，但当suggest表“暗示，表明”，insist 表“强调说”时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。如；I suggest that we should clean our classroom.Your pale face suggests that you are ill.（2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。作表示命令、建议、要求等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful.My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars.（3）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。如：It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day.It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless.It is desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：It is pity that you cant swim.3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用（1）虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：He did it as if he were an expert.Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.注意：as if /as though 也可用于陈述语气，表示谈论可能或真实的事情。如：It looks as if Im going to be busy.（2）虚拟语气用于定语从句中。这种从句常用于句型“It is (high/about)time (that) ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“(现在)该”。如：Its time that I picked up my daughter. Its high time we were going.（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：If only I were a bird.(现在) If only I had taken his advice.（过去）If only the rain would stop.(将来)（4）虚拟语气用与“愿望、意图、打算等动词（hope、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose）的过去完成式+不定式一般式”的结构中Id intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldnt get away.(二)情态动词I.知识重点熟练掌握情态动词的基本用法。II.情态动词的基本用法(1)can、be able to 和couldcan和be able to都表示能力，意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时，而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时，通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。如：Can you use chopsticks?The wounded man was still able to get to the village and was saved in the end.can和couldcan和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法，一般用could，回答时则用can。如：Could you help me carry the bag? Can I help you?(2)may/mightmay/might表示可能，但may比might可能性大。如：-Why isnt he in class? He may be sick.(生病的可能性较大) He might be sick.(生病的可能性较小)may/might表示“允许”，may用于现在时或将来时，might常用在间接引语中表过去时，但might也可用于现在时间，表示比较委婉的语气，回答用may。如：He says we may leave. He said we might leave.may / might 表示建议或请求，但might比may更客气，意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。 Yes, you can / may.May / Might I use your bike? No, you mustnt（3）mustmust表示必须，应该，没有时态变化。如：You must do everything as I do.must表示肯定的推测。如：The light is still on, so he must be at home.mustnt 表示禁止做某事。如：You mustnt smoke in the office.（4）have tohave to 表示“必须、不得不”，是由于某种外界（客观）原因而“必须”，“不得不”做某事，也可表示经常的或习惯性的事“必须”做。have to的否定形式表示不必。have to可用于多种时态中。如：You will have to clean your own boots when you join the army.I have to be at my office every evening.（5）should / ought toshould和ought to表示应当、应该，前者比后者语气轻。如：You should / ought to work hard.should / ought to work hard.Since she is not here, whe should / ought to be in the classroom.should / ought to的否定形式表示禁止之意。如：Children shouldnt smoke.should可表示陈述意见，推出建议或请求；而ought to可以表示劝告之意。如：You ought to respect your parents. He suggested that they should leave at once.（6）will / wouldwill 用于各种人称表示“意志”、“意愿”或“决心”等，否定式wont + 动词。如：I will tell you all about it. Tom wont do such a thing.will用于疑问句中，常用在第二称时表示说话人向对方提出“请求”或“询问”如：Will you please tell her the news when you see her?will 表示习惯性的动作，有“总是”、“惯于”的含义。如：Fish will die out of water.would 表示客气的请求、建议或意愿。如：Would you please be quiet? Would you like coffee?would 表示过去反复发生的动作。如：When I passed my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.（7）needneed 作“必要”讲，既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。作实义动词时后面的动词不定式要带to，其变化与一般动词相同。如：I need to think it over. Need you go now? Yes, I must./No, I neednt（8）daredare表示“敢”的意思。作为情态动词时，主要用在疑问句和否定句中。dare若作实义动词，后面可带to的不定式，此时to也可以省略。dare与need的用法相似。如：How dare you say that? She doesnt date(to)ask her father.（9）used toused to表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的习惯，但现在已不复存在了。如：He used to smoke.（10）shallshall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的意愿，有“承诺”、“命令”、“规定”、“警告”、“决心”等意思。如：We shall do as our teacher says.You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.Each citizen shall carry his certification identification card when travelling.在疑问句中，shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示，常用于第一、第三人称。如：Where shall he wait for us? Shall we go out for a walk?2、情态动词表示推测或判断的用法下表即是表示推测的情态动词使用的场合：情态动词对现在和未来的推测对过去的推测使 用 场 合mustmust + 动词原形/be+doingmust have done肯定句may / mightmay / might + 动词原形/be+doingmay / might have done肯定句、否定句can /couldcan / could doCan / could have done否定句、疑问名（could可用于肯定句）should用来表示一种估计的情况“按理会/估计会”should do/beshould have done肯定句、否定句、疑问句例如：It must have rained last night.She may not be at home. = It is possible that she is not at home.She cant be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home.They should be there right now.注意：must表示推测的反意疑问句当陈述部分为must+动词原形，表示对现在的推测时，附加疑问部分的谓语动词用一般现在时，如：He must be in the classroom now, isnt he? You must be from the south, arent you?当陈述部分为must+have done，表示对过去的推测时，附加疑问部分的谓语要根据情况而定。如：He must have seen the film last night, didnt he?He must have waited for a long time, hasnt he?He must have been there yesterday, wasnt he?3、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法情态动词用于虚拟语气中表示责备的感情色彩，用法如下：（1）should/ought to have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”，而shouldnt/oughtnt to have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。如：You should have told me about it earlier.You shouldnt have said such words to your parents.You ought to have told me about it earlier.You ought not to have said such words to your parents.（2）neednt have done表示“本无必要做某事而实际上做了”。如：You neednt have walked so quickly since time was enough.（3）could have done表示“本来有可能而事实上未做到”。如：I could have come on time, but my car broke on the way.III.高考真题1.(06江苏)- I think Ill give Bob a ring.- You _. You havent been in touch with him for ages.A. willB. mayC. have toD. should2. (07 全国)Hows your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?It _ be, but it is now heavily polluted.A. will B. would C. should D. must3. (07 上海)Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.Great! You _ read widely and put a lot of work into it.A. must B. should C. must have D. should have4. (07 安徽)The teacher _have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldnt have wasted time on him, I suppose. A. should B. can C. would D. must5. (07 北京)In crowded places like airports and railway stations,you_take care of your luggage. A. can B. may C. must D. will6. (07 福建)My MP4 player isnt in my bag. Where I have put it?A.canB.must C.should D.would7. (07 湖南)The biggest problem for most plants, which _ just get up and run away when threatened, is that animals like to eat them.A. shant B. cant C. neednt D. mustnt8. (07 江苏)She looks very happy. She _ have passed the exam.I guess so. Its not difficult after all.A. should B. couldC. must D. might9. (07 江西)Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.You it in the wrong place.A.must put B.should have put C.might put D.might have put10. (07 陕西)As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area .A.need rcpairing B.needs to repair C.needs repairing D.need to repair11.(07 陕西)I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I have driven her there.A.could B.mustC.night D.should12. (07 上海春)The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we go to work tomorrow.Acant Bmustnt CneedntDshouldnt13. (07 四川)一What does the sign over there read?一“No person _ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area”Awill Bmay Cshall D. must14. (07 浙江)My cats really fat. You _ have given her so much food.A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. shouldnt D. mustnt15. (07重庆)What do you think we can do for our aged parents?You _ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.A. dont have to B. oughtnt to C. mustnt D. cant16. (07辽宁卷)Turn off the TV, Jack. _ your homework now?Mum, just ten more minutes, please.A.Should you be doing B. Shouldnt you be doingC. Couldnt you be doing D. Will you be doing17.(08全国II) Liza _ well not want to go on the trip - she hates traveling.A. will B. can C. must D. may18.(08上海春) When I was young, I was told that I _ play with matchesA. wouldnt B. neednt C. mustnt D. darent19.(08上海) According to the air traffic rules, you _ switch off your mobile phone before boarding. A. may B. can C. would D. should20.( 08天津)She _ have left school, for her bike is still here.A. cant B. wouldnt C. shouldnt D. neednt21.(08重庆) -I cant find my purse anywhere. -You have lost it while shopping.A. may B. can C. should D. would22.(08辽宁)Peter _ be really difficult at times even though hes a nice person in general.A. shall B. should C. canD. must23.(08山东)Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we _ it without you.A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed24.(08江苏) Im sorry. I _at you the other day.Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.A. shouldnt shout B. shouldnt have shoutedC. mustnt shout D. mustnt have shouted25.(08江西)What a pity. Considering his ability and experience, he _ better.A. need have done B. must have done C. can have done D. might have done26.(08浙江)You _ be hungry already you had lunch only two hours ago!A. wouldnt B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt27.(08湖南)You dont have to know the name of the author to find a book. You _ find the book by the title. A.must B. need C. can D. would28.(08陕西)What sort of house do you want to have? Something big?Well, it be big-thats not important.A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. wont29.(08四川)Although this _ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.A. must B. may C. shall D. should30.(08福建) It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it_be rather cold sometimes.A. must B. can C. should D. would31.（09四川）I dont care what people think. Well, you _A. could B. would C. should D. might32.（09江苏）He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently.A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed33.（09全国I ）What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There be twelve.A. should B. would C. will D. shall34.（09湖南） Its the office! So you _know eating is not allowed here. Oh, sorry.A. must B. will C. may D. need35.(09辽宁)The traffic is heavy these days. I arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?A can B must C need D might36.（09全国II ）I cant leave. She told me that I _ stay here until she comes back.A. can B. must C. will D. may37.（09浙江）The doctor recommended that you swim after eating a large meal.A wouldnt B couldnt C neednt D shouldnt38.（09重庆）Hi, Tom . Any idea where Jane is? She _in the classroom . I saw her there just now.A. shall be B. should have been C. must be D. might have been39.（09北京）One of the few things you _ say about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather. A. need B. must C. should D. can40.（09天津）This printer is of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense. A. would B. should C. could D. might41. (05江苏) Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami butto New York?I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to.A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what42. (06湖北)_ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immedieately cut off.A. Would you be B. Might you be C. Could you be D. Should you be43.（06 全国I）Theres no light on.They_ be at home.A.cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt44.（06 全国II）We hope that as many people as possible _ join us for the picnic tomorrow.A. need B. must C. should D. can45. （06 北京）-Whats the name? - Khulaifi._ I spell that for you?A.Shall B. Would C.Can D. Might46. （06 天津）We _ have proved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years. A. neednt B. may not C.shouldnt D. mustnt47.