高考英语 议论文阅读理解突破（通用）

议论文阅读理解突破议论文是英语中的重要文体。从近几年各地高考英语试题来看，议论文在阅读理解中占有相当大的比重。议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。很有必要对议论文的文体特点及解题规律作一探索，实现突破。一、议论文的语篇特点议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。二、议论文阅读理解的主要题型及对策从近几年的高考试题来看，议论文阅读理解的命题类型主要有：1. 主旨大意题【设题方式】(1) The text is mainly about _.(2) What does the author want to tell us most?(3) What can be the best title for the text?(4) What is the main idea of the passage?(5) What can we learn from the last paragraph?【对策】做好此类试题，关键是迅速找准文章或段落的主题句。这就必须对议论文常见论证方法作一了解。（1）归纳法，即从分析个别事例入手，找出事物的共同特点，得出结论、看法或道理。（2）演绎法，即从一般论断出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析后得出结论。（3）驳论法，即先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，反证自己观点的正确性。另外，议论文在语言表达上经常使用一些有辩论、推理等含义的词汇和句型，如：however, take for example, thus, therefore, consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），It follows that（因而），, but it would be far better if we （如果我们，那会更好），I am of the opinion that （我认为），Its clear that 等。我们可以通过这些关键词迅速把握作者的写作意图。例1（2020天津卷D篇，有删减）To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people dont want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（神圣的）.” This saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the oppositefind someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.1. What does the author want to tell us most?（原创题）A. to make as few mistakes as possible.B. to think seriously about our wrongdoings.C. to bear responsibility for our mistakes.D. to pass the blame on to someone else.解析：这是一篇典型的驳论文。作者先列出一个错误观点，即To blame the other guy is even more human，然后进行反驳。最后，通过关键词however一转折，说出了作者的观点，即为自己的错误承担责任是成熟的标志。因此，选择C项。2. 推理判断题【设题方式】(1) It can be inferred from the passage that (2) What does the author imply by saying (3) The authors attitude toward is _.(4) Whats the authors opinion about ?【对策】推理判断题主要包括推断题、结论题和观点态度题。（1）推断题：该类试题的正确选项往往采用同义词、近义词替换原文相关词汇或正话反说的方法设项。所以抓住关键词往往是应对推断题的有效方法。（2）结论题和观点态度题：通过段落或文章中心句把握作者的写作意图，结合分析文章措词，特别是表达情感、态度和观点的词语，在此基础上推断出作者的“言外之意”和未言明的思想内涵。例2（2020年山东卷B篇，有删减，保留原题号）Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2020. It now makes up a third of a typical households waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show _.A. the tendency of cutting household wasteB. the increase of packaging recyclingC. the rapid growth of super marketsD. the fact of packaging overuse解析：作者在第一段分析论证之后用了一个关键句式 “ , but it would be far better if we ” 引出了论点：我们与其回收利用废品，倒不如先不要过度包装。第二段用统计数字作为论据来证明上述论点。因此选择D项。例3（2020年天津卷D篇，有删减，保留原题号）Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is “good” even if it isnt honest, then where is the place of the truth?54. What is the authors opinion about a good excuse?A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.解析：这是一篇驳论文。在第二段中作者用了两个疑问句和一个否定句，对 “a good excuse” 的怀疑态度体现地淋漓尽致。因此选择D项。3. 句子理解题【设题方式】(1) What can we infer from the underlined sentence?(2) What does the underlined part mean?(3) The underlined sentence implied that _.【对策】这是近几年常出现的一个题型。在文章中划出某个句子进行设题。做好此类试题，关键是在把握文章大意的前提下，用联系的方法，仔细琢磨所在句子的上下文，得出结论。有时候，议论文太抽象，读不懂，可以把选择题支读一下，会有意想不到的效果。例4（2020年湖北卷B篇，有删减，保留原题号）For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely. Both feel trapped.56.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.D. The teens