高考英语阅读指导（一）知识精讲

高考英语阅读指导（一）【本讲主要内容】高考英语阅读指导（一）【知识总结归纳】高考题的阅读理解题是试题的重要部分，在150 分的题中占40分。设置该题的目的是检测学生对不同文章的理解程度,考察学生英语知识与综合能力水平。同学们必须在平日的学习中有针对性地进行阅读理解实践,才能切实的提高水平。下面，我从几方面具体分析阅读时应注意的问题。（一）猜测词义是阅读时必不可少的技巧。在阅读时遇到生词是常事，但没有必要每遇到生词都翻词典，因为这样做只会影响阅读速度和兴趣。实际上许多生词的词义是可以利用上下文中有关词汇，短语或通过构词法或是通过其他有关知识来判断生词的词义。比如，在文章中，作者有时使用具有同一含义或意思接近的几个词语，我们可以利用上下文中熟悉的词语来猜测生词的含义。有时我们还可以通过文章中提供的相关信息或上下文对比来猜测生词的含义。例如：（1）“Why are you weeping?” -“ Im crying for my poor mother,” the girl said.句中的crying和weeping是同义词，只要知道crying的意思，就可推测出weeping是哭泣的意思。（2）“I have something to tell you,” said Sue, “Mr. Behrman died of pneumonia in the hospital today. He was ill only two days” 这段文中的pneumomia是生词，但是上下文告诉你，Mr. Behrman 病了两天， 今天在医院里因而死，因此pneumonia一定是一种疾病。至于是何种病，你无需查字典，因为这并不影响你对故事大意的理解。（3）The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.A. work B. studyC. nameD. interest从第二句中的the man told him that he worked as an engineer 可知官员问的是他的职业,所以才能这样回答。因此选A.（4）Those new comers were not used to the life in suburbs, which was so different from that inside the city.A. townB. capitalC. country D. house从后半句中的so different from that inside the city可知划线部分的词意义与inside the city 相反，比较四个答案后C 答案“乡村”最符合题意。Exercises:1. Chris looked up at the lofty statue. It was certainly very tall.2. Aunt Vicki is never annoyed by trifles. Things that arent important just dont seem to bother her.3. I dont know if the clock is accurate. Does it tell correct time?4. The moon doesnt send out light; it reflects light. This means that the moon doesnt make its own light. The sun sends out its light to the moon. Then the moon sends the suns light back to the earth.5. The 20 god medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14.“Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is just unbelievable!” said a teacher from Guangdong province.The underlined phrase “figure out” in the text means _.A. work out B. add up C. guessD. study练习答案：1. lofty : very tall2. trifles : things that are not important3. accurate: correct4. reflect: send back the lights it receives from other places5. A（二）针对不同类型的文章，阅读侧重点及方法不同。1. 人物传记。 记述某人的家庭背景，生平事迹，个性特征，奋斗业绩，轶闻趣事等。一般以时间的先后，事情的发展为主线，顺序比较清楚，可根据时间先后取得有效信息，采用分析推理的方法。2. 短篇故事。其中包括以人物，时间，地点，事件为要素的中心情节，同时还有人物或作者的态度。理解题根据情节和内在联系而设计，要掌握文章大意和具体情节，设身处地的把握人物的态度，根据情节展开想象，问题就好解决。历史知识的短文也要这样做。3. 幽默小品。是针对在生活中可笑的现象和人们的举止进行再现的特殊文体。平日要善于观察，善于通过表面的玩笑看出实际的意义，才能够正确回答出深层理解题。4. 科技文章。用来介绍科技现象和科技成果，内容丰富，题材广阔，有真实性，逻辑性和理论性，文章结构严谨，层次分明，论点论据突出充实，但长句难句较多，修饰关系复杂，应充分利用论据理解论点，理解文章的逻辑性和理论性，把长句难句的基本结构找出来，就能化难为易了。此法也适用于做关于自然现象的文章。5. 记叙推理文。在叙事中蕴含一些道理，需要推理，换算和猜想，要弄懂所说的事，掌握好推理中的对应关系。注意原文原字，不受干扰项的影响。6. 新闻报道。这类文章注意6点，即when, where, who, what , why, how 。找出主题和要点，涉取有效信息，再进行加工和推理。7. 应用文体的文章，如广告，通知，卡片和统计表格等。这类的文章主要要求同学们在阅读时掌握文章提供的信息，并运用这些信息去正确解决题目中假想的的情况。在做题时，可以先看题目，再阅读文章，如此可快速获取信息并排除不必要信息的干扰。（A）We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didnt even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open is surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floors.”“Yes, Im glad theyve finally decided to clean them,” the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But arent you working late?”Mum just pushed harder, each swipe（拖一下）of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you.”Outside, Mum told me “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”“You saw her, Mum?”“Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. Its a fine hospital. But such floor! A mop is no good. You need a brush. ”1. When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was _.A. to clean the floorB. to please the nurseC. to see a patientD. to surprise the story-teller2. When the nurse talked to Mum she thought Mum was a _.A. nurseB. visitorC. patientD. cleaner3. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?A. It is a childrens hospital.B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.C. The conditions there arent very good.D. The nurses and doctors there dont work hard.4. From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely _.A. the story-tellers sisterB. the story-tellers classmateC. Mums friendD. Dads boss5. Which of the following words best describes Mum?A. strangeB. warm-heartedC. cleverD. hard-working分析：1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C（B）An AdvertisementOne of the finest buys on the market in Tara. Spacious home with large living room, separate 15-foot dining with built-in shelves, family room with fireplace, huge kitchen with lots of cabinets, big breakfast room, 2 baths, 4 huge bedrooms (one is separate and could be a playroom or offers a guest room with a separate entrance). There is a beautiful courtyard. Better than new with new air conditioners.Call Lane Hitch (home) 926-6043.（1）Who might buy the house after reading the above advertisement?A. Some young students. B. A couple with little money.C. A big rich family. D. A big poor family.（2）What room has several possible uses?A. The living room. B. The bedroom.C. The dining room. D. The kitchen.（3）What is emphasized（强调）in the description of each room?A. Floor B. Entrance. C. Size. D. Windows.分析：1. C 2. B 3. C这是一篇卖房子的广告。文中对房子有很细致的描写，且反复使用large, spacious, huge, big等字眼，说明此房屋的卖点在于“大”，房间多，且功能齐全，所以在做题时要能把握这个特点。Native TongueAt first Kate thought the Romanian girl could not speak and understand English . Nadia would not reply to anything Kate said . Kate was in charge of showing Nadia around on her first day at Buckminster Grade School . Kate could not figure out why the school had put Nadia in a class where she could not understand what people were saying .“Why did they do this ? ” Kate wondered aloud . “I mean , you cant learn if you cant understand the teacher .”Nadias voice was a whisper . “I understand English . I will learn . ” Nadias English was perfect .Kate was perplexed . She couldnt understand why Nadia did not like to speak . Then she realized that moving to a new country probably wasnt the easiest thing to do . There were hundreds of unfamiliar and unusual things to learn all at the same time .“Therere a lot of new things to learn , huh ? ”said Kate .Nadia nodded rapidly . In a quiet voice she replied , “Many things people say , I do not understand . I have been speaking English and Romanian all my life , but I do not know what some children are saying . For example , yesterday a boy asked if I could help him find the USB port on a thin black box he was carrying . Isnt a port a place for ships ? It made no sense to me .”“Dont worry . ”said Kate . “Youll figure everything out in time . You see , that thin black box was a computer . A USB port is a place where you can connect other machines to a computer .”Nadia and Kate were quiet after that . They took notes while the teacher gave a maths lesson . To Kates surprise , Nadia put up her hand and offered to answer questions at the blackboard .Nadia handled every question the teacher gave her . Some of the questions were really difficult , and no one understood what was going on except Nadia and the teacher . When the teacher said that Nadia answered everything correctly , the whole class clapped their hands .Nadia was smiling when she sat back down next to Kate . “Some things , ”she said in a normal voice , “are the same all over the world .”1. At the beginning of Nadias first day at school , she was _ .A. disappointedB. helpfulC. livelyD. shy2. The underlined word “perplexed” probably means _ .A. puzzledB. angryC. shockedD. serious3. We can infer from the passage that _ .A. Nadia did not like KateB. Nadia had lived by the sea beforeC. Nadia had never seen a computer beforeD. Nadia spoke in a soft voice out of politeness4. Which of the following statements is true ?A. Nadia was better at maths than other students .B. Nadia found some of the maths questions difficult .C. Nadia was encouraged to answer questions in class .D. Nadia understood the maths teacher better than other teachers .5. What is the message of the story ?A. Talking about something familiar gives you confidence in communication .B. Answering questions in class makes you better understood by classmates .C. Language plays an important role in communication between cultures .D. Mathematics helps to improve communication between cultures .答案：1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. A【实战模拟】I.（1）Perfect Time Management（$6.99）By Ted JohnsPaperback / Random House 99RH 150Managing your time effectively means getting more out of everything you do. This book shows you simply and quickly how to master the techniques and skills that are important in taking control of your time and your life. If you can cut down on the time you spend meeting people, talking on the phone, writing and reading reports, you can use the time saved for really important parts of your job.（2）The Perfect Business Plan（$6.99）By Ron JohnsonPaperback / Random House 99RH 151A carefully prepared plan is important to the success of any business. Planning ahead means you make better decisions today, and helps you consider as many of the relevant factors（相关因素）as possible. The book provides a set of plans and shows you how to complete it for your own business in 100 short, easy-to-follow steps.The writer Ron Johnson is an expert on company running and the management of change.（3）The Perfect Career（$6.99）By Max EggertPaperback / Random House 99RH 152In a world where job chances are continually becoming smaller and smaller, its more important than ever to actively manage your career. The book makes a clear examination of your skills, experiences and values, then it provides practical plans to make you achieve success.（4）Perfect Assertiveness（自信）（$6.99）By Jan FergusonPaperback / Random House 99RH 153This book helps you to understand more about assertiveness and teaches you to understand more about yourself, the possibility of change and improvement in personal, social, family and workplace relationships.1. When you want to find a suitable job, you had better turn to _.A. Perfect Time ManagementB. The Perfect Business PlanC. The Perfect CareerD. Perfect Assertiveness2. As head of a new company, you may ask advice from _.A. Ted JohnsB. Ron JohnsonC. Max EggertD. Jan Ferguson3. If you are kept busy working all day but still not satisfied by your boss, you need refer to _.A. （1）+（3）B. （1）+（4）C. （2）+（3）D. （3）+（4）II.If youre in charge of a project, the key to success is getting everyone to want to help you. As a director, I point. I suggest. I gently push the actors in the direction I want them to go.In the 1986 movie Nothing in Common, Jackie Gleasons Character, Max Basner, gets fired from his job as a clothing salesman. The scene, shot on a boat, shows Maxs despair about being out of work. I was looking for some gesture that would allow Max to show his feelings.Jackie had far more experience at everything than I did, and at first I was frightened. What could I possibly tell“The Great One”about acting? Out of fear I decided to direct by suggestion, and I sat down with Gleason to talk about the scene.“So Max is sad, right?”I said.Gleason nodded.“And hes probably still carrying his pens with his name on themthe ones he used to hand out to his customers, right?”Gleason nodded.“So what would you want to do with the pens after you were fired?”He was silent for a moment.“Why dont I throw them overboard?”I stood up and turned toward the crew.“Hey, everybody, Jackie has a wonderful idea. Lets shoot it.”After filming the scene, Gleason called me over and said with a