高考英语《中学英语语法全程复习》之--倒装

十八. 倒 装一、概说句子主语通常是在谓语之前，这种语序称为自然语序，也叫正常语序。若谓语动词在主语之前，这种语序称为倒装语序。谓语动词全部置于主语前的，叫完全倒装，只有一部分（通常是助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语前面的，叫部分倒装。如：She is a nice girl.（正常语序）她是一个好女孩。Is she a nice girl？（倒装语序）她是一个好女孩吗？二、倒装的几种情况（一）完全倒装1. Here, There, Now, Then等副词放在句首时，句子要完全倒装，谓语动词常用come, go, be, lie, run等。例如：There comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。There goes the train！火车走了。Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。2.表示方位的副词in, out, back, up, down, off, away 等置于句首时，句子要全部倒装，句子的谓语动词常是come, go等表示运动的词。如：The door opened and in came the headmaster.门开了，校长走了进来。Out ran a little boy.一个小男孩跑出去了。3.表语提到句首，采用完全倒装：“表语 + 系动词 + 主语”。（进行时态也可这样）。Present at the meeting are some famous scientists.出席会议的是一些著名的科学家。Gone are the days when we used the foreign oil.我们用洋油的日子一去不返了。Hanging on the wall is Toms Jacket.挂在墙上的是汤姆的夹克。Near the factory was a hospital.工厂附近有一家医院。Such is Mr. Smith.斯密斯先生就是这样一个人。注意 上述完全倒装句子中主语若为人称代词，应放在在动词前：Here comes Mr. Lee. Here he comes.Away went the students. Away they went.有时为了句子的平衡或强调，将表语置于句首，也属于全部倒装。例如：Gone are the hard days.4.有时当句子没有宾语而主语又比较长，或者为了使上下文紧密衔接，常把状语，表语置于句首，主语、谓语采用完全倒装形式，如：At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake and near the lake are some farmhouses hidden in trees.山脚下有一个美丽的湖，湖边有些农舍掩映在树林中。5.用于there be结构之中，如：There lived a rich man near the river many years ago.许多年以前在河边住着一个有钱人。There is a book on the table.在桌子上有一本书。6.用于直接引语后点明说话人的句子。在直接引语后，常需要一个句子来点明该引语是谁说的或谁问的，如果该句子的主语是名词，通常要倒装，如果是代词，则不倒装：“He went there alone.” said Li Lei.“Can you give me a hand?” he asked.7.用于表示祝愿的句型里：Long live China! 中国万岁！（二）部分倒装1.否定词：not（不），seldom（很少），never（从不），hardly（只乎不），barely（几乎不），scarcely（几乎不），little（也不），never before（以前从不），notuntil直到才），no sooner. than（刚就）hardlywhen，by no means（决不），under no circumstances 决不），in no time（很快），in no case（决不），nowhere（没有地方）, neither, nor, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, on no account等放在句首，需用部分倒装。not only.but also（不仅而且）连接并列句时, 前一分句用部分倒装。Little did he realize the danger he was in then.他当时一点也没有意识到自己处于危险之中。Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone rang.我一进房间，电话就响了。In no way can theory be separated from practice.理论决不能脱离实戏。By no means shall I change the plan.我决不改变计划。Not only must we come to school on time every day, but also we must work hard. 我们不仅每天要按时到校，而且还要努力学习。Not until a week later did he receive the letter.直到一周后，他才收到这封信。2.“only +副词（或介词短语、状语从句）”作状语放在句首,主句要采用部分倒装。Only when one is away from home does he realize how nice home is.一个人只有在离开家时才意识到家庭的温暖。Only by working hard can we succeed.只有努力工作我们才能成功。Only then did he know who was his mother.只有到了那时，他才知道谁是他的母亲。3.用于so开头的句子so用于肯定句，放在句首，代替上文中的形容词、名词或动词，表示前面所说的情况也适用于其他人或物，结构为“so +助动词be动词情态动词 +主语”，意为“同样，也一样”。类似用法的还有neither和 nor，所不同的是neither或nor用于前面否定情况，也适用于另一人或物，其结构为：“neither/nor +助动词be动词情态动词+主语”：I went to Beijing last month, so did she.上个月我去北京了，她也去了。She can speak French, so can Tom.她会讲法语，汤姆也会。Fangfang is very diligent, so are we.芳芳非常勒奋，我们也是。注意 “so+动词+主语”中的动词应是助动词、be动词或情态动词。前句的谓语动词如果有助动词、be动词或情态动词，则后句中的动词重复这类词，否则，则应使用助动词的do的某种形式。If you wont go, neither shall I.如果你不去，我也不去。I cant swim, nor can he.我不会游泳，他也不会。注意 表示后者与前者“同样不”或“同样”时，也可用so it is/was with sb.或Its the same with sb.结构。（若前句既有肯定又有否定，或兼有行为动词和be动词，则只能用这些句型）如：He didnt see the film, so it was with me.他没看这部电影，我也没看。She studies very hard, so it is with me.她学习非常努力，我也是。-He is Chinese and speaks Chinese.-It is the same with me. /So it is with me.-He lives here but doesnt work here.-So it is with me. /It is the same with me.区别：so do I, so I do, I do soso do I表示所说的人或物的情况与上文说的另一人或物的情况相同，可用so it is with. 或It is the same with.代替，如：My mother goes shopping every Sunday, so do I.我妈妈每个星期天都去购物，我也是。So I do.表示对上文所说的情况的进一步肯定或确认，意为“确实，真的”I can sing a lot of English songs, so I can.我能唱许多英文歌曲，真的。I do so中的so指代前面刚提到过的同一动作或事情，如：She hoped that he would search the room carefully and he did so.她希望他仔细检查房间，他这样做了。4.用于so. that句型，so/such置于句首时，采用部分倒装：So easy is the sport that even an old man can do it.这项运动很容易，连老人都能做。Such a well-known man is he that everyone wants to take a photo with him.他是一个名人，大家都想同他拍照。So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.5.用于省略了if的虚拟条件句：含有should，had或were的虚拟条件句，省略if时必须将should, had或were提到主语前：Should it rain, the crops would grow better.如果下雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。Were I your brother，I would give you the money.如果我是你哥哥，我就给你这笔钱。，Had it not been for the captain，the ship would have sunk.如果不是船长，船就沉没了。6.以as引导的让步状语从句通常倒装，其结构为：形容词/副词/名词+ as +主+谓动词+ as +主+情态动词Poor as he was, he was honest.他虽然贫穷，但诚实。Child as he is, he knows a lot about history.他虽然只是个孩子，但关于历史他了解很多。Much as I like it, I wont buy it. 尽管我喜欢它，但不会买。注意 1)在用as引导的让步状语从句中，如果主语较长，也可实行全部倒装，如：Difficult as was the chemistry homework, it was finished in time.尽管化学作业很难，但还是按时完成了。2）名词前应省去冠词，最高级前省去the，如：Child as he was, he had to look after his sick mother.尽管他是个孩子，他不得不照看他生病的妈妈。7.用于以方式副词（well）或频度副词(often, many a time)开头的句子，结构为“well/often/many a time +助动词+主语”：Often did he remind me not to do it.他常提醒我别那样做。Many a time has he given me good advice. 他多次给我忠告。8.在表示祝福的句子里。（参见虚拟语气相关部分的例句）May you be happy!9.to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point等表示程度的结构放在句首，句子要倒装。To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.10.由be引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟语气的结构特点，be 用原形。The business