2020高考英语考前冲刺Ⅰ专题01 阅读理解突破

2020考前冲刺英语专题01 阅读理解突破 一事实细节题(2020年高考新课标全国卷)Wanted，Someone for a KissWere looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM.Youll work on the stations music programmes.Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music.Please apply(申请)in writing to Producer Vacancies，Kiss 100.Father ChristmasWere looking for a very special person，preferably over 40，to fill our Father Christmas suit.Working days：Every Saturday from November 24 to December 15 and every day from December 17 to December 24 except Sundays,10301600.Excellent pay.Please contact(联系)the Enterprise Shopping Centre，Station Parade，Eastbourne.Accountants AssistantWhen you join the team in our Revenue Administration Unit，you will be providing assistance within all parts of the Revenue Division，dealing with post and other general duties. If you are educated to GCSE grade C level we would like to talk to you.This position is equally suitable for a school leaver or for somebody who has office experience.Wealden District CouncilSoftware TrainerIf you are aged 2445 and have experience in teaching and training，you could be the person we are looking for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing.You will be allowed to make your own decisions，and to design courses as well as present them.Pay upwards of 15,000 for the right person.Please apply by sending your CV(简历)to Mrs ROglivie，Palmlace Limited.【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文，共列举了四则招聘广告。文中对应聘者的经验、年龄、工作时间、学历等方面都作了要求与说明。1Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?AProducer Vacancies，Kiss 100.BMrs Oglivie，Palmlace Limited.CThe Enterprise Shopping Centre.DWealden District Council.解析：细节理解题。本题与第一则广告的内容相关，当然应与Producer Vacancies，Kiss 100联系。答案：A2We learn from the ads that the Enterprise Shopping Centre needs a person who _.Ais aged between 24 and 40Bmay do some training workCshould deal with general dutiesDcan work for about a month解析：细节理解题。第二则广告中对应聘者的工作时间提出了要求，由Working days中提供的信息不难算出应聘者大约工作一个月的时间。A项提到的年龄与本广告中的不符；B项为第四则广告的信息；C项为第三则广告的信息。答案：D3Which position is open to recent school graduates?AProducer，London Kiss.BFather Christmas.CAccountants Assistant.DSoftware Trainer.解析：细节理解题。只有第三则广告中提到了This position is equally suitable for a school leaver.，故选C项。答案：C4What kind of person would probably apply to Palmlace Limited?AOne with GCSE grade C level.BOne with some office experience.COne having good computer knowledge.DOne trained in producing music programmes.1以who，what，when，where，how等疑问词形式出现的直接信息型细节理解题；2推测文章中的词或短语的意思或对句意进行转化理解的题目；3对文章的具体信息进行排序、计算、进行图形识别及分类筛选的题目；4由according to the passage，from the passage等开头的考查某一具体细节的题目。二、设题形式1What does the underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refer to?2Which of the following statements is true/not true/false according to the passage?3According to the passage，which of the following statements is TRUE?4All the details provided in the passage are true except_.5Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage?6Give/Choose the right order of the following events in the passage.高分秘笈1题干信息题直接定位特定信息查找是细节理解考查最基本的和浅层次的考查形式，为一般功能阅读的范畴，常见于广告、公告、演出信息、航班信息、科普短文等说明性文体，此类阅读不需要通读全文，采用直接根据题干在原文中查找的方法便可以快速解决。2词义、句意转换题跳读查找通常情况下，细节理解题主要考查学生对原文中某个句子、某个句子中的一个短语或几个句子的理解，关键是能在原文中找到与题干内容相关的语句，然后进行比较对比，便可确定最佳答案。跳读查找答案是最常用的解决此类问题的方法，但是解题时要注意试题内容与原文的转换问题，因为所考查的题目很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，命题人对原文进行了一系列的处理，如同义转换、概念解析、事实归纳等，而对干扰项的设计也经常出现本身正确，但不符合题干要求，或者选项本身错误或原文无相关信息的情况；选项中含有原文信息，但其中个别信息描述不准确，这种选项的干扰性很强，是考生最容易出错的地方。3细节筛选题选项定位细节筛选是这几年经常考查的一个命题方式，这类题目要求考生从选项中找出在某一方面与其他三个选项不同之处。此类型的题目一般比较简单，选项都在原文中提到过，考生只要在阅读中找到与原文一一对应的语句即可。关键是考生要注意命题者对表达的转化，从而灵活应对此类题目。4举例说明题瞻前顾后在通常情况下，原文中所列举的内容都会在试题的题干及选项中涉及，而对这些举例细节的考查可能就不再是其细节本身，而是举例要达到的目的，也就是要说明的问题。实际上，在这样的列举之前或之后都会出现说明性或总结性的语句，这样的句子既可能和某一段落相关，也可能与全文的大意相关。5细节排序题首尾定位这种试题考查事件或动作发生的先后顺序，可采用首尾定位法的思路来解决，即首先找出第一个动作或事件及最后一个动作或事件，从而迅速缩小查找的范围，找出正确答案。二主旨大意高考命题聚焦(2020年高考山东卷)Since the 1970s，scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Braincomputer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated (展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts.In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.“Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles，”Tavella says. “Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.Prof. Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.可知选D。答案：D3. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?A. scalpcomputercapwheelchairB. computercapscalpwheelchairC. scalpcapcomputerwheelchairD. capcomputerscalpwheelchair解析：细节理解题。由第五段前三句可知选C。答案：C4. The team will test with real patients to_.A. make profits from themB. prove the technology useful to themC. make them live longerD. learn about their physical condition解析：细节理解题。由最后一段中的 One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.可知选B。答案：B5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Switzerland, the BCI Research CenterB. New Findings about How the Human Brain WorksC. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the DisabledD. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了BCI是如何帮助残疾人的。故选C。答案：C2Main purpose型：选择项多为动宾结构，要求考生找到主要的写作目的，常见以下几种题干形式：(1)Whats the purpose of the passage?(2)The passage is meant to_.(3)The purpose of the article is to_.3标题型：选择文章标题是另一类对主旨大意题考查的形式，命题形式：(1)The best title of the passage is_.(2)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?(3)The best title for the passage is_.(4)The most appropriate title of the passage is_.高分秘笈一、提取文章主题句任何一篇文章都有其主题思想，有的呈现于文章中各个段落的开头或结尾，通过某一句话加以概括，这就是通常所说的主题句。阅读中抓住文章或段落的中心句，这是最快捷的和行之有效的确定文章主旨的方法。阅读过程中要注意下面的一些常识性阅读技巧：1主题句在段落开头，其后则常常是对这种主题句的论证或说明，并且会出现一些诸如for example，first，second，on one hand，on the other hand等常见的信息提示词，阅读时要充分利用这些信息词去寻找需要的主题句信息。2主题句出现在段末。尽管大部分情况下我们可能是在段首找到主题句，也不能排除作者在段末呈现主题句的可能性。如果某种观点或主题比较复杂，需要用很多的事例先进行说明或解释，读者才能明白作者的观点，此时则通常采用先列举事例，然后呈现主题观点的做法。以列举事例开头，经过论证，然后再给出文章的主题观点，这是另外一种文章主题的呈现方法。此时要注意一些总结性的词汇，如therefore，as a result，in conclusion，in short，as a consequence等。二、体会作者要表达的深层寓意和写作意图无论何种文章，作者在写作时都要表达自己的情感态度，对事物和事件的褒贬，对正义的赞美、对丑恶的鞭挞。这种写作意图的流露，向考生传递的这些信息或是为了娱乐，或者在讲述某种为人的道理。有时这种信息的表达并不是明确地表达出来，而是隐蔽于文字中，因此要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上领会作者的意图。三、明辨主题句与标题的区别，选择恰当标题文章标题位于文章之首，点明文章的主题，是文章内容的高度概括，因此它是文章中心思想的精练表达，其作用在于帮助读者迅速预测文章的大意，抓住文章的中心观点。标题的特点是高度概括，短小精悍，多为短语或短句，对整篇文章起到表率作用。选择文章标题要注意以下几点：1分清主题句与标题。主题句和标题虽然关系密切，但又有区别，因此找到了主题句不一定能找对标题，它需要考生根据主题句进行抽象，整合，然后才能找到标题；主题句在语法上是一个完整的句子，而标题在结构上是单词或短语，因此主题句具体明确，而文章标题则内涵深刻。2要避免常见的四种错误：(1)以偏代全，概括不完整，常常以文章的部分内容代表全体，结果不能代表和概括文章的中心大意；(2)范围过大，超出了文章大意的内容；(3)无关信息或主观臆断。有时误把与文章无关的内容当作正确选项，结果造成严重失分；而有时考生会将自己的主观意识加入到考题中，增加了失误的几率；(4)以文章中的事实、细节代替抽象的文章大意。另外还要特别注意标题的表达形式，一般而言，标题必须以话题为中心，同时也必须是高度浓缩的符合一定语法规则的符合文章中心句、主题句的短语或短句。三推理判断题高考命题聚焦(2020年高考新课标全国卷)When milk arrived on the doorstepWhen I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s，we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep.His name was Mr.Basille.He wore a white cap and drove a white truck.As a 5yearold boy，I couldnt take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt.He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.Of course，he delivered more than milk.There was cheese，eggs and so on.If we needed to change our order，my mother would pen a note“Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery” and place it in the box along with the empty bottles.And then，the buttermilk would magically appear.All of this was about more than convenience.There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen.Mr.Basille even had a key to our house，for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors，so that the milk wouldnt freeze.And I remember Mr.Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table，having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.There is sadly no home milk deliverytoday.Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk，thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete.Besides，milk is for sale everywhere，and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service.Recently，an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it on the back porch(门廊)Every so often my sons friends will ask what it is.So I start telling stories of my boyhood，and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.【语篇解读】友谊是美酒，年份越久越醇香浓厚；现代化的生活也许给人们带来的是更多的舒适与便利，但儿时的送奶工却给“我”留下无尽的美好回忆。走进本文，感受一下作者对童年一段友谊的追忆。1Mr.Basille gave the boy a quarter out of his coin changer _.Ato show his magical powerBto pay for the deliveryCto satisfy his curiosityDto please his motherfriendship along with his milk.更印证了答案选D项。答案：D3Why does home milk delivery no longer exist?ANobody wants to be a milkman now.BIt has been driven out of the market.CIts service is getting poor.DIt is forbidden by law.解析：细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的Big companies allowed the production of.to compete.以及Besides，milk is for sale.a delivery service.可知：随处可见的批量生产的牛奶使送奶工失去竞争力，也就是说送奶工送牛奶上门的服务被逐出了市场。答案：B4Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?AHe missed the good old days.BHe wanted to tell interesting stories.CHe needed it for his milk bottles.DHe planted flowers in it.解析：细节理解题。从最后一段第一句Recently，an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories.以及最后一句话作者讲童年的故事和与送奶工之间的友谊都能看出作者很想念过去的日子。答案：A核心考点突破一、题型特点推理判断题旨在测试考生在阅读的基础上进行逻辑判断和推理的能力，要求考生在已获得信息的基础上对作者的写作意图、文章中所隐含的观点、态度以及作者要在文章中渗透的某种意识形态等进行揣测，对文章的深层次内容进行合理的挖掘。这些通过判断和推理才得到的信息有的比较明显，有的则比较含蓄和隐晦，在文章的字里行间，需要考生运用自己的逻辑思维能力并结合自己的生活阅历及常识做出合理的判断。这个层面上进行的阅读理解也就有了难度，是一种对文章的深层次的解读。做这类题目时要注意不能仅限于表面，限于文章中的句子本身的含义，同时又要在文章中可以找到依据，也就是说，它必须是有源之水，有本之木。做题时考生切忌主观臆断，以自己的看法来代替作者的观点或仅凭自己的经验来评判作者要体现的意图。二、设题形式1常出现于题干中的一些与判断和推理相关的词汇里，正确解读题干是做好此类题目的一个关键，在推理判断题的题干中常会出现以下词汇：(1)conclude，imply，show，suggest，learn，infer，intend，mean，purpose等(2)could，may，might，would等情态动词(3)possible，probable，likely，possibly，probably等形容词或副词。2常见题干形式：(1)We can conclude from the passage that_.(2)The purpose of the passage is_.(3)From the underlined sentence we can infer that_.(4)The passage is most likely to inform the reader_.(5)We can learn from the first paragraph that_.高分秘笈1细节性推理判断和综合性推理判断的不同解题思路(1)虽然都是推理判断题，但根据不同的题目的特点有不同的思维方法。首先细节类推理判断题不同于一般的细节理解题，它要求考生要根据文章的内容去推断言外之意，而细节理解题只需要在原文中去寻找恰当的内容。因此此类命题往往是以文章要体现的观点、作者对某一事件的认识为命题点，往往会出现在文章本身或某个段落的开头、结尾的要点归纳的地方。湖南高考阅读理解B篇第65题就是这样设题的：Although her disease has affected her eyesight and forced her to the sidelines of the dance floor，she refuses to fall into selfpity.“Everybody on earth can ask，why me？about something or other，”she insists.“It doesnt do any good.No one is immune(免疫的)to heartache，pain，and disappointments.Sometimes we can make things better by helping others.Ive come to realize the importance of that as Ive grown up this second time.I want to speak out and be as helpful as I can be.”65What can we know from the last paragraph?AMary feels pity for herself.BMary has recovered from her disease.CMary wants to help others as much as possible.DMary determines to go back to the dance floor. (3)即使选项与自己知识经验相符，而文章中没有涉及，也不可臆断为选项内容；(4)注意文章中作者的语气、措词及行文的过渡和转换。四词义猜测题高考命题聚焦(2020年高考天津卷)An idea that started in Seattles public library has spread throughout America and beyond.The concept is simple: help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same time.In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.The idea came from Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl who launched (发起) the “If All of Seattle Read the Same Book” project in 1998.Her original program used author visits，study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book, but the idea has since expanded to many other American cities，and even to Hong Kong.In Chicago, the mayor (市长) appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the “One Book, One Chicago”program.As a result, reading clubs and neighborhood groups sprang up around the city.Across the US, stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about plot and character.The only problem arose in New York, where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse population.This may show that the idea works best in mediumsized cities or large towns, where a greater sense of unity (一致) can be achieved.Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point, putting all their energy and passion into the choice of the book rather than into discussion about a book itself.Ultimately, as Nancy points out, the level of success is not measured by how many people read a book, but by how many people are enriched by the process, or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared_a_word.【语篇解读】西雅图图书管理员南希珀尔发起了一项活动，倡导同在一个城市的人们同读一本书，其目的在于增强人们的团队意识，并促进人与人之间的交流和分享。通过活动发现，只有在中等大小的城市或大的城镇里这项活动才能得到较好的开展。1. What is the purpose of the project launched by Nancy?ATo invite authors to guide readers.BTo encourage people to read and share.CTo involve people in community service.DTo promote the friendship between cities.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句话可以看出，这项活动的目的，“除了鼓励所有的人将阅读当作一种追求外，这项活动还创造了机会让陌生人之间通过讨论书而进行交流，并促进阅读成为在家庭和学校里分享的一种体验”。也就是说，这项活动的目的就是在鼓励人们阅读的同时增进了解、沟通。答案：B2. Why was it difficult for New Yorkers to carry out the project?AThey had little interest in reading.BThey were too busy to read a book.CThey came from many different backgrounds.DThey lacked support from the local government.4. The underlined words“shared a word” in Paragraph 5 probably mean_.Aexchanged ideas with each otherBdiscussed the meaning of a wordCgained life experienceDused the same language解析：意义猜测题。从文章第二段可以知道，这项活动的目的之一就是通过讨论书籍，鼓励人们之间进行交流。A 项符合语境。而 B 项“讨论一个词的含义”，C 项“获得生活经验”和 D 项“使用同一种语言”均不是这项活动的目的。答案：A5. According to Nancy, the degree of success of the project is judged by_.Athe careful selection of a proper bookBthe growing popularity of the writersCthe number of people who benefit from readingDthe number of books that each person reads解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段的.the level of success is not.but.可知，成功的程度不在于有多少人读了同一本书，而在于多少人在这个读书的过程中受益。由此可确定答案。答案：C核心考点突破一、题型特点词义猜测题主要考查考生对某个生词或短语在特定语境中含义的理解能力，它可能是学生熟悉的老词的新义，也可能是学生不熟悉的词汇或短语，也可能是一些词组的引申意义或整个句子的理解。命题者通过这种题型着重考查学生利用词义对比、反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇结构联系等判断所要求内容的意义的能力。有时，词义猜测题必须在了解整个语篇内容的基础上才能做出正确的判断，因此要求考生必须具备必要的上下文理解能力，具备足够的构词法知识，同时具有较高的逻辑思维能力，从而对所给出的内容做出正确的判断。二、设题形式1The underlined word/phrase“_”in the third paragraph means_.2The underlined word“_”in the second paragraph can be replaced by_.3Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the underlined word“_”in the last paragraph?4The underlined word“_”in the fourth paragraph refers to_.例1：Try to remove any smells that might attract animals.By making sure that no food odors linger on your tent, bedroll，sleeping clothes or any gear in the sleeping area, you can reduce the chance of a potential invasion by a skunk or bear.Q：The underlined word “odors”in the paragraph is closest in meaning to_.AsmokeBsmellsCpossibilities Dbears解析词义猜测题。根据上句Try to remove any smells that might attract animals.可知，下句意为“通过确保你所住的帐篷、铺盖卷及睡衣或任何的在睡觉区域的东西都没有食物的味道，你就可以减少遭遇臭鼬或熊入侵的可能性”。答案B2利用同义词、近义词及反义词等进行词义猜测在阅读理解的文章中有时会出现与生词同义、近义或词义完全相反的词，它往往暗示了该词在文章中的意义。例2：Rest cant be skimped.Without enough rest, good work is impossible.This is why we say that rest is another kind of rest.Q：The underlined word “skimped” in the paragraph most probably means_.Anot supplied with enough of what is in needBstrengthened in spite of the conditionsCrecharged during the time of workingDinvested without any of the cost解析词义猜测题。从文中的“Without enough rest，good w