高考英语《中学英语语法全程复习》之--定语从句

十六. 定 语 从 句一、定语从句的定义和结构在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词，充当定语的从句。被修饰的词叫先行词，引出从句的词叫关系词（分关系代词和关系副词）。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who (宾格whom,所有格whose),as, but, 和关系副词where , when , why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又指代先行词内容，并在从句中充当一个成分。关系词是根据先行词类别、关系词在从句中所作成分以及其他特殊要求三个方面确定的。关系词基本分类：指人：who, whom, whose, of whom, that, as, but指事物：which, whose, of which, that, as, but指人或事物：whose, that, as, but指时间：when指地点：where指原因：why二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, (as, but).1) that的先行词可指人或物，以及人与物同指。that在从句中作主、宾或表语：I like the book that you lent to me.我喜欢你借给我的那本书。The boy that is standing near the door is my brother.站在门边的那个男孩是我弟弟。He is no longer the person that he used to be.他不再是他过去的那个样子。2) which的先行词是物。which在作从句的主语或宾语：They planted the flowers which didnt need much water.The dictionary which my father bought for me is very useful to me. 我爸爸给我买的词典非常有用。注意 that, which指物时有时可互换（二者的区别见“定语从句注意事项”）。3) who/whom的先行词是人。在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom。The teacher who went to see me yesterday is Mr. Wang.The girl whom I talked with just now will go to Beijing.Mr. Read is the person to whom you should write.4）whose的先行词可以是人也可是物。whose在从句中作定语。whose可用of which, of whom换用，不过of which和of whom除了表所属外还可以表示部分与整体的关系。He is the boy whose father is a doctor.Do you know the owner of the house whose windows / the windows of which / of which the windows face south?Here are ten players, three of whom are from London.All the books, five of which are broken, have been put away.whose还可以与它修饰的词一起作介词宾语：The boss in whose department Mr. King worked called at the hospital.三、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词：why, where, when（非正式用法中都可用that代替）。它们也可用介词 + which代替，关系副词在从句中都作状语。1)why(=for which)的先行词只用the reason。why在从句中作原因状语。I dont know the reason why (for which) he didnt come.当先行词为reason时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是why。2) where（=介词+ which）的先行词是表地点的词，如：house, room, place等。where在从句中作地点状语。This is the school where we study every year.当先行词为地点名词时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是where。This is the school which we study in every day.This is the school that / which we visited yesterday.3) when（=介词+ which）的先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, year, day, week等。when在从句中作时间状语。Ill never forget the time when (during which) we worked on the farm.当先行词为时间名词时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是when。I still remember the day that / which is his birthday.四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1)限制性定语从句是对先行词作修饰或限制，缺少从句时句子意义不完整或失去意义。主从句关系十分密切，所以书写时不用逗号分开。He is the man who came to see you yesterday.2)非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加说明，主从句关系不十分密切，所以从句和主句之间多用逗号分开，若去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。一般用which引导，不用that。My brother, who is in Beijing, will come to see me.（非限制性）The book that/which you are reading is mine.（限制性）注意 有些定语从句，是限制性还是非限制性要根据上下文含义来判断，不能只凭标点符号。五、关系代词as引导的定语从句1)引导限制性定语从句时用于固定搭配：as/so/such/ the same+先行词+as从句You can wait for me at the same place as we did.Beijing is not the same (city) as it used to be.注意the samethat从句：表示同一人或物the same as从句：表示相似的人或物This is the same knife that I lost .这是我弄丢的那把刀。This is the same knife as I lost.这把刀与我弄丢的那把刀一样。注意such as定语从句：“像那样”such .that.状语从句：“如此以致于”We need such material as is being used in your factory.（定语从句）This is such an easy question as I can answer.（定语从句）This is such an easy question that I can answer it.（状语从句）2) as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别与which引导非限制性定语从句相比：as的先行词一般不是一个单词，常是整个主句或短语；which的先行词可以是一个单词或整个主句；as通常含有“正如.那样”的意思，而which没有；as从句可放在句首/中/尾，而which从句不能放在句首；as在从句中作主语时谓语中一般必须含be动词，which没有此限制。which从句可表由主句带来的结果，as从句不能。如：As we have seen, the earth is round.As we know, Tai Wan belongs to China.As is reported, many people were killed in the accident.The earth is round, as we all know.正如大家所知,地球是圆的。The earth is round, which we all know.地球是圆的,这是众所周知的。He went abroard, which made his wife feel lonely.他出了国,这让他的妻子感到很孤独。（主句和从句有因果关系）常见由as引出的类似于插入语的定语从句：as anybody can see, as we all know, as we had expected, as is known to all, as is well known, as has been said before, as often happens, as is reported /said / believed, as is natural, as is (often)the case等。3)主句是否定句，as引导非限制性定语从句放在句中或句末，as不包含主句的否定含义。Greenland was not a continent, as people thought.格陵兰并不像人们所想象的那样是一个大陆。The facts of science are not, as some think, dry and lifeless.科学事实并不像有些人所想象的那样枯燥无味和无生命力。六、but引导的定语从句主句必须是否定句，butthat not，与主句构成双重否定表肯定含义，从而具有强调语气。There is no mother in the world but loves her children.世上没有不热爱自己孩子的母亲。七、使用定语从句应注意的几个问题1)当先行词是way,表示方式方法时，引导词可用in which或that，并且that可省略。This is the way in which / (that) I study English.2)注意区别先行词,引导词。Is this +名词the one that 从句Is this the名词+ that从句Is this school the one that you visited? / where you study?Is this the school that you visited? / where you study?3)注意区别定语从句和强调句式。It is +名词that（which.）(定从)It is +介词 +名词that从句（强调句）It is the place（that / which）he was born in. (定从)It is the place where / in which he was born. (定从)It is in the place that he was born.（强调句）强调句去掉It is/was. that后句子成立,that在句中不充当成分。八、关系代词that与which的用法区别1)一般只用that不用which情况先行词是不定代词all, any, little,few, some, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one,等。Is there anything（that）I can do for you?All that they said is true.先行词被不定代词next, all, no, little, few, any等词修饰时只能用that。先行词被具唯一性的only, the very/right, just the, last等词修饰时，只能用that。The only thing that I can do for you is to lend you some money.This is the very book that Im looking for.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时，只能用that。He was the first (person) that passed the exam.He brought two cats yesterday. Now I can see the two that are playing in the garden.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。This is the best film that I have ever seen.先行词既有人又有物只用that。The film star and her film that you have just talked about are really well-known.如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which，另一个则用that以避免重复。He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.主句是there be, here be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句常用that引导。There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.主句主语是who,which等疑问词，为避免wh-词重复只用that。含多个定语从句时，要尽量避免which和that复用。2）定语从句中只用which而不用that情况当关系代词前有介词时：This is the house of which the windows face south.引导非限制性定语从句只用which。which可代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。Tom came back, which made us happy.His dog, which was very old, became ill.先行词是that, those且指物时，关系词用which。Whats that which was bright in the car?一个句子两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.九、定语从句中用who而不用that情况1)先行词是明确指人的those, one, ones, anyone, people, all时，关系词用who。Those who want to take part in the party should sign your name here.Anyone who didnt come must be punished.2)在there be结构中,主语是人,先行词只用who, whom。There is a person who wants to see you.3)有多个定语从句时，为避免重复，who, that交替使用。The teacher that was praised at yesterdays meeting who is our English teacher will go to Beijing tomorrow.4)间隔性定语从句（先行词后有定语或其他成分)为避免歧义，关系词用who指人。He was the only one in the office who was invited to the ball.5)当先行词为人称代词时。He who doesnt make mistakes makes nothing.注意 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复形式根据先行词来确定，即先行词为单数，从句谓语动词为单数；先行词为复数，从句谓语动词为复数。I who am a student must study hard.He is one of the students who ware late for school.He is the only one of the students who was late for school.十、关系代词前带介词的定语从句关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常由“介词+ which（或whom,不能用that）”引出，即介词提前。若介词与定语从句中的动词等为固定习语，介词提前后习语含义会发生变化，介词就不能提前。Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.他们所居住的城市正在发生着巨大的变化。The film of which Im speaking is to be shown at the Peoples Cinema next week. 我正在谈到的这部电影下星期在人民电影院上映。This is the teacher from whom weve learnt a lot.这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。The policeman with whom Mr. Henry is talking in the o