关于使用定语从句需要注意的几个问题 人教必修版

关于使用定语从句必须注意的几个问题四川泸州石油中学 朱正斌众所周知,定语从句是历届高考检测的重点语法项目。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，定语从句一般必须有先行词和引导词（关系词）。但如果仅仅了解这些，使用起定语从句来是远远不够的，也是远远达不到高考检测的要求的。有鉴于此，现就定语从句的使用必须注意的几个问题作一概括和归纳，希望对同学们的高考有所帮助。一 注意只用that作引导词的情形1 先行词既有人又有物时，宜用that。例如：He talked happily about the men and books that interested him greatly in the school.2 先行词为指物的不定代词如 something anything everything nothing all much little none any few 等时，宜用that。例如：Thats all that I can do for you.He did everything that he could to help us.3 主句是there be 句型且先行词指物时，宜用that。例如:There is a seat in the classroom that is still free.4 先行词被very, just, only, next, last, little, much, few, some, any, no, all, each及形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，宜用that。例如:There is little time that we can spend here.Its the most wonderful gift that Ive ever received.5 先行词被the same 修饰且指同一人或同一物时用that引导。例如：She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.6 先行词是the reason 或 the way 时，多用that, 在“It is the first /second time + 句子 ”这一句型中也多用that 而不用when 引导。例如：It is the first time that we have been there.They dont like the way that/in which you speak to them.This was the reason that/why he came here.二 注意避免不必要的重复1 定语从句不能再出现关系词所替代的内容。例如：Is this the computer which you want to have it repaired. (it 在句中多余)2 主句是以who, which开头的特殊疑问句，或先行词本身是that时，分别不宜用who, which, that引导定语从句，而应当适当调整对换。例如：Who is the man that is standing by the door?Which is the computer that I will operate?3 同一个句子中有几个定语从句时，若修饰同一个先行词，则用相同的关系词；若修饰不同的先行词则要用不同的先行词。例如：The student who is tall and who works hard is our monitor.The boy who was praised last week is the student that studies hardest in our school.三 注意定语从句中的主谓一致问题关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。尤其应注意的是在“one of +复数名词”后的定语从句用复数，而“the one of + 复数名词”后的定语从句谓语用单数。例如：I, who am your good friend , will do my best to help you.Tom is the only one of the students who has passed the examination.四 关系词的选用应注意瞻前顾后的原则选择关系词既要看先行词是人,物,时间还是地点，更要看它们在后面从句中是作主语, 宾语还是状语。即使先行词是时间或地点，但关系词在从句中不是作状语，就不能选用when或where , 还应选用that 或which。例如：Do you still remember the days that/which we once spent in the countryside? (spent后无宾语)This is the farm which we visited last year. (visit后缺宾语)五 注意whose的替代用法Whose既可指人也可指物。指物时，注意它有两种替代形式，即whose + 名词 = the + 名词 +of +which = of + which + the + 名词。例如：This is a book whose cover / the cover of which / of which the cover is red.六 注意as 及as 和which 的区别用法1 当先行词被the same, so , as , such等修饰时，多用as 引导定语从句，不用like 。也要注意和so that 及such that 引导的结果状语从句的区别，关键在于结果状语从句中的that 不在后面从句中充当成分，即从句成分完整。例如：Such stamps as you have collected are very beautiful. (collect 后缺宾语)This book is so interesting that everyone wants to read it. ( 此处不用as , 若把it 去掉则必须用as )2 as 和 which 都可引导非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，其区别在于： 位置不同 as 从句可放于主句前，主句中，主句后，而which 从句只能位于主句后。例如： As you know, I live a long way from work.I live a long way from work, as / which you know. 意义不同 as 有“正如，就像”之意，表示符合人们的认识，事情发展的特征等，即从句和主句语意往往一致。因此，当从句与主句语意不协调，或从句与主句之间是因果关系时，用which.。例如：They remarried, as we had expected.They remarried, which we hadnt expected. 结构不同 as 多用于“as + 主语 + 谓语”或 “ as + 被动谓语”结构。如 as we all know, as is well known to all , as has been said before , 以及as often happens , as is the case 等固定结构中，而which 常用于“which + 谓语 + 宾语”结构。例如：They won the match, as often happens.It rained heavily yesterday, which prevented us going out. 二者所代表的先行词内涵不同 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子，整个短语或某个断语推断出来的概念。而which 则可以代表主句中的某个断语或整个句子的意思，没有as 的那些限制。 例如：The river, which flows through London, is called Thames. (不用as )七 注意定语从句的包含关系定语从句中“名词/代词/数词/形容词最高级 + of + which / whom ”结构，表示整体和部分的包含关系，应特别注意和并列句区分开来。请看例句：There are 40 members in our group, two-third of whom are boys.They have more than 100 books , most of which are English. （此处which 不用 them , 若most 前加and 则必用 ）八 注意定语从句中介词的确定原则定语从句中介词提前时确定的原则一般有以下几个：（1） 根据从句中动词的习惯搭配例如： The teacher asked us to read the paragraph to which I referred in my lecture.(2) 先行词与介词的搭配习惯，此时“介词+ 关系代词”就可以改用关系副词。例如：I do hate sports in which people easily get hurt.She never forgets the day on which/ when her father died in an accident.(3) 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系 例如：The sun gives us heat and light , without which we cant live.九 注意分析从句的句子结构(1) 当从句有插入语时，应特别注意分析关系代词是作主语还是作宾语。例如：The beggar who I think is poor is in fact very rich.(2) 分隔定语从句 关系词一般应紧跟先行词，但有时出于句子内容或结构的需要，中间插入了其他成分而将定语从句与先行词分隔开来，此时应特别注意找准先行词，根据它确定关系代词或从句的谓语结构。例如：Here is Students Times which, as I told you, will help you improve your English.The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil”.(3) 定语从句与状语从句的区别，特别是where引导状语从句时，前面没有表地点的先行词。 例如： When you read the book, youd better make a mark where you have any questions. (状语从句)After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. (定语从句)高考真题演练：1 Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A after B what C whatever D that2 His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A of whom B whom C of whose D whose3 He paid the boy $10for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.A these B those C that D which4 Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.A it B that C which D he5 In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A to whom B who C from whom D that6 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _ of course, made the others unhappy.A who B which C this D what7 The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.A until B that C when D where8 _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A It B As C That D What9 In the office I never