高中英语Unit 4 Exploring plants-reading人教版必修9

Unit 4 Exploring plants-readingPart One: Teaching DesignPeriod 1: A sample lesson plan for reading(PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES)AimsTo help students develop their reading abilityTo help students learn exploring plantsProceduresWarming up by defining plantsPlants are a major group of living things (about 300,000 species), including familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, and ferns. Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs, and animals. In Linnaeus system, these became the Kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts. Indeed, any attempt to match plant with a single taxon is doomed to fail, because plant is a vaguely defined concept unrelated to the presumed phylogenic concepts on which modern taxonomy is based.Warming up by talking about different gardensGardens vary in forms and functions. How many can you see in your area?Gardens may function in a particular mannerBotanical garden, Community garden, Forest garden, Raised bed gardening, Residential garden, Roof garden, Vertical garden, Water or soil-less gardening (hydroponics) , Walled garden, Windowbox, Zoological gardenWarming up by discussing gardeningGardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients.I. Pre-readingWhat is a garden?A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form is known as a residential garden. Western gardens are almost universally based around plants. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zological gardens. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather than produce for sale); this distinction is not always clear-cut, however. The gardening article discusses the differences and similarities between gardens and farms in greater detail.Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients.II. Reading for formsRead the text PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions. PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIESThe plants /in our gardens/ look so familiar/ that often we do not realize that /many of them actually come from countries/ far awayCollecting“exotic”plants，as they are called，dates back to the earliest timesMany ancient civilizations saw the value of bringing back plants /from distant landsThe first plant collecting expedition /recorded in history was around 1500 BC /when the Queen of Egypt sent ships away to gather plants，animals /and other goodsHowever，it was not until the eighteenth/ and nineteenth centuries /that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scaleEurope had become interested in scientific discovery/ and the European middle classes took great interest in collecting new plantsThis attraction /to exotic plants grew as European nations，like the Netherlands，Britain/ and Spain，moved into other parts of the world/ like Asia /and AustraliaBrave young men took the opportunity of going on botanical expeditions，often facing many dangers/ including disease, near-starvation，severe environments/ and conflicts with the local peopleAn important group of collectors were French Catholic missionaries/ who，by the middle of the 18th century，were beginning to set themselves up /in ChinaOne such missionary，Father dIncarville，was sent to Beijing/ in the 1740sHe collected seeds of trees/ and bushes/ including those of the Tree of HeavenJust before he died，he sent some Tree of Heaven seeds/ to England. They arrived in 1751/ and plants /from these seeds were grown throughout Europe/ and 1ater，in 1784，the species was introduced in North America.Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector，who accompanied James Cook/ on his first voyage/ from England /to OceaniaThe purpose of the trip/ for Banks was to record the plant /and animal life /they came acrossHe/ and his team collected examples/ whenever they went onto dry landIn 1769, Banks collected vast quantities of plants/ in the land now/ known as AustraliaNone of these plants had been recorded by Europeans beforeCook called the bay/ where the Endeavour had anchored Botany BayKeeping plants alive /during long land /or sea voyages was an enormous challenge. Large numbers of seeds failed to grow /after long sea voyages /or trips /across land/ between Asia /and Europe. One plant explorer lost several years work /when his plants were ruined with seawaterThe world of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Wards invention /of a tightly sealed portable glass containerThis invention，called the Wardian case，allowed plants / to be transported /on long journeysIn 1833，Ward shipped two cases /of British plants/ to Sydney，AustraliaAll the plants survived the six-month journeyIn 1835，the cases made a return trip/ with some Australian species/ that had never been successfully transported beforeAfter eight months/ at sea，they arrived safely /in LondonA British man/ called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors/ to use Wardian casesHe made several trips/ to China /between 1843 /and 1859. At that time，there were restrictions /on the movement of Europeans/ and so，in order to travel unnoticed，he developed his fluency /in Chinese /and dressed as a Chinese man，even shaving his head /in the Chinese styleHe experienced many adventures/ including huge thunderstorms/ in the Yellow Sea /and pirates /on the Yangtze RiverNot only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants/ to Western gardens/ but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants /from Shanghai/ to India，where a successful tea industry was establishedThe second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant explorationDuring this time /many Catholic missionaries were sent to China /from FranceThey valued the study of the natural sciences /and many of the missionaries/ knew a lot about plants /and animalsTheir expeditions resulted in huge plant collections，which were sent back to FranceOne of the collectors was Father Farges, who collected 37 seeds /from a tree /that had appealed to himThis tree was later called the Dove TreeHe sent the seeds/ back to France /in 1897 /but only one seed grewAlthough the missionaries collected large numbers of specimens，there was not enough material /for growing particular species /in Western gardensHowever，European botanists were very excited with the knowledge/ that China had a vast variety of plants，so many plant collectors were sent on collecting trips/ to ChinaOne of these collectors was E H Wilson /who，in 1899，was able to collect a large quantity of seeds/ of the Dove Tree /that Father Farges had discoveredWilson /and other plant collectors introduced many new plants/ to Western gardensIII. Copying expressions and making sentencesYou are asked to copy all the useful expressions into your notebook after class as homework. You may make your own sentences with each of these expressions.Expressions from: PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIESthe plants in ones gardens, sothat, come from, countries far away, collect“exotic”plants，date back to the earliest times, many ancient civilizations, the value of, bring back plants from distant lands, the Queen of Egypt, send ships away, gather plants，animals and other goods, it was not untilthat, the exploration of the botanical world, on a large scale, become interested in, scientific discovery, the European middle classes, take great interest in, the attraction to exotic plants, move into other parts of the world, take the opportunity of, go on botanical expeditions, face many dangers, severe environments, conflicts with the local people, by the middle of the 18th century，set one selves up in, collect seeds of trees and bushes, the Tree of Heaven, sendto, arrive in, throughout Europe, accompany sb., the purpose of, come across, collected examples, go onto dry land, vast quantities of, known as, keep alive, during long land or sea voyages, an enormous challenge, Large numbers of, fail to, the world of plant exploration, be transported on long journeys, make a return trip, make trips to, at that time， on the movement of Europeans, in order to, dressed as，shave ones head in the Chinese style, experience many adventures, including huge thunderstorms, in the Yellow Sea, pirates on the Yangtze River, Not only didbut also, a successful tea industry, the second half of the nineteenth century, a very important period of plant exploration, value the study of the natural sciences, know about, result in, appeal to sb., be excited with, a vast variety of plants， send on collecting trips to, a large quantity of, introduceto IV. Reading and transformingRead the text again to complete the chart to fill in the topic sentence of each paragraph.PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIESTopic sentence of 1st paragraphCollecting“exotic”plants，as they are called，dates back to the earliest timesTopic sentence of 2nd paragraphHowever，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scaleTopic sentence of 3rd paragraphAn important group of collectors were French Catholic missionaries who，by the middle of the 18th century，were beginning to set themselves up in ChinaTopic sentence of 4th paragraphSir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector，who accompanied James Cook on his first voyage from England to OceaniaTopic sentence of 5th paragraph Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was an enormous challenge.Topic sentence of 6th paragraphThe world of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Wards invention of a tightly sealed portable glass containerTopic sentence of 7th paragraphA British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to use Wardian casesTopic sentence of 8th paragraphThe second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant explorationTopic sentence of 9th paragraphAlthough the missionaries collected large numbers of specimens，there was not enough material for growing particular species in Western gardensV. Closing down by learning about prehistoric plantsPrehistoric plants are various groups of plants that lived before recorded history (before about 3500 BC).Plants have remained remarkedly unchanged thoughout earths geological time scale. Early ferns had developed by the Mississippian, conifers by the Pennsylvanian. Some plants of prehistory are the same ones around today and are thus living fossils, such as Ginkgo biloba and Sciadopitys verticillata.Additional MaterialsComplete the summary of the text with one word in each blank.It was not _1_ the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries _2_the exploration of the botanical world began _3_ a large scaleAn important group of collectors _4_ French Catholic missionaries _5_，by the middle of the 18th century，_6_ beginning to set themselves up in China_7_ plants alive during long land or sea voyages _8_ an enormous challenge. _9_ numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea _10_ or trips across land _11_ Asia and Europe. The world of plant exploration _12_ completely changed _13_ Dr Nathaniel Wards invention _14_ a tightly sealed portable glass containerThis invention，_15_ the Wardian case，allowed plants to be _16_ on long journeysA British man _17_ Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant _18_ to use Wardian cases_19_ second half of the nineteenth century _20_ a very important period of plant _21_During this time many Catholic missionaries _22_ sent to China from France_23_ the missionaries collected large numbers _24_ specimens，there was _25_ enough material for growing particular species in _26_ gardens(key: 1. until 2. that 3. on 4. were 5. who 6.were 7.Keeping 8.was 9. Large 10.voyages 11.between 12. was 13.with 14. of 15.called 16.transported 17. called 18.collectors 19.The 20.was 21.exploration 22. were 23.Although 24. of 25. not 26.Western )Notes to the special sentencesCollecting “exotic” plants，as they are called，dates back to the earliest times收集 “异国”植物，人们这样称呼他们，可以追溯到远古时期。句中as they are called是非限制性定语从句，as是关系代词，起连接作用，同时作从句中的主语补语。请看关系代词as的其它例句：I received the same grade as you did. Those as want to can come with me. I received the same grade as you did. Those as want to can come with me.However，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale然而，直到十八、十九世纪植物学世界的探险活动才开始大规模进行。句中it was not untilthat意思是：在.以前一直(不.),.以後才。例如： It was not until he was thirty that he started to paint. 他直到三十歲才開始繪畫。Large numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea voyages or trips across land between Asia and Europe. 大量的种子在跨越亚洲和欧洲之后没能成功地生长。句中large number of 量词用法，它是放在名詞前面並修飾名詞的字。它們告訴我們多少(how many or how much)。例如：many trees， a few trees， few trees， several trees， a couple of trees， none of the trees。 下列量詞用于不可數名詞： not much dancing， a little dancing， little dancing， a bit of dancing，a good deal of dancing， a great deal of dancing， no dancing。 列量詞用于可數名詞和不可數名詞：all of the trees/dancing， some trees/dancing，most of the trees/dancing， enough trees/dancing， a lot of trees/dancing， lots of trees/dancing，plenty of trees/dancing， a lack of trees/dancingWard shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney，Australia沃得把英国植物装船运送到澳洲悉尼。句中的shipped原来是名词，转化为动词了。 相当多名词可以用作动词。例如：Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗？ Who chaired the meeting? 谁主持会议？ He pinned great hopes on us. 他对我们寄托了很大希望。 It can seat a thousand people. 它能坐一千人。 We have mapped out plans for their utilization. 我们制定了使用它们的计划。 It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students. 它描绘海外中国留学生的生活。 He hurriedly pencilled the time on it. 他匆忙（用铅笔）在上面写下了时间。 By noon he had bagged three hares. 到中午时他已捕获了三只野兔。 The machine bottles 15000 jars of cold cream a day. 这台机器一天能装一万五千瓶冷霜。 The money was all pocked by corrupt officials. 这钱都进了腐败官吏的腰包。 He hammered a nail into the wall. 他在墙上钉了一只钉子。He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859. 他在 1843 和 1859年之间到中国进行了几次旅行。由make加名词构成的短语动词还有：make steal, laws, friends, research, much progress, great effort, some tea, some noise, contribution, war, peace, model ships, money, love, no condition, confidences, remarks, faces, clothes, profit, some trouble, sense, difference, haste, room, ones way, dinner, fun, preparations, sailmake an excuse, offer, experiment, observation, impression, answer, advance, attack, attempt, exam, investigation, explanation, arrangement, appointment, application, an error, exchange, invitation, accusation, enquiry, improvement, outline, oath, approach, entry, exceptionmake a statement, sketch, complaint, charge, journey, request, beginning, compromise, bargain, comment, copy, criticism, correction, difference, discovery, fortune, haste, survey, jump, sacrifice, demand, study, guess, visit, call, slip, shave, bed, mistake, fire, speech, walk, vote, haste, plan, will, living, recommendation, reduction, decision, promise, reference, poem, sentence, suggestion, habit, demonstration, summary, comparison, preparation, choice, joke, reply, resolution, face, noise, check, record, railway, canal, trip, cake, law, meal, face, guess, contrast, policy, mends, change, bow, confession, move, point, price, sound, stand, word,6Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India，where a successful tea industry was established福钦不仅将120种植物引入西方花园，而且从上海装船运送20，000株茶树到印度，在那里成功创立了茶叶行业。Not only置于句首，其句子要部分倒装。部分倒装有如下情形：1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。例：_ right now, she would get there on Sunday.A) Would she leave B) if she leaveC) were she to leave D) If she had left结合选项，全句的意思是：“如果她立刻就走，她就能在星期天到达那里”。答案是C。2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法：例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.（小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。）例：In no country _ Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.A) better than B) more than C) other than D) rather than本题是个倒装句，答案是C) other than。no other than意思是“正是、就是”；而rather than的意思是“宁愿而不；而不是”。3) 以否定副词开头并加状语的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely when, never, no sooner than, rarely, no more, nor nearly, not only等以及only。例：Only