【名师特编 阅读理解技巧篇】2014高考二轮阅读理解——专题 意义猜测题（88张ppt）

第一篇专题复习,阅读理解第四节阅读理解之意义猜测题,.每日经典谚语和句型背诵与仿写1Outofdifficultiesmakesamiracle.排除万难就会有奇迹出现！2Asfaras.(sb.)isconcerned，.就而言，AsfarasIamconcerned,nothingisimportantthanhonest.,活学活用,仿照上述句型，翻译下列句子。(1)对他来说，什么也比不上学好英语重要。_(2)就我而言，保护环境就是保护地球。_,Asfarashesconcerned,nothingisasimportantaslearningEnglishwell.,AsfarasIamconcerned，protectingenvironmentisprotectingourearth.,.阅读理解之意义猜测题根据语境猜测生词或短语的意思，或者推断熟词生义，是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能，因此，意义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。题干中通常含有mean,referto或者bereplacedby等。,考查方式1同义法。常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。2反义法。如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。,3释义法。对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。4情景推断法、代词替代法等。5此类题的提问形式一般有：(1)Theword“ABC”inthepassageprobablymeans_.,(2)Theunderlinedword“ABC”inthepassagerefersto/means_.(3)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph?(4)Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans_.,(5)Theword“it(them)”inthefirstparagraphrefersto_.(6)Whichofthefollowingisnearest/closestinmeaningto“.”？,解题技巧1文中找线索或信息词。2根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词的意思。3根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切的意思。注意事项考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词语的意思，我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思，那些常规含义的选项不是要选择的正确答案。,猜词技巧点拨解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文(也就是人们常说的语境)来推测其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧：1根据近义词关系。一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一个更难的词，,以便使它的文字意思更清楚，近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。Atthebeginningtheydidnothaveenoughcapitaltostartabusiness,norweretheyabletoborrowtheamountofmoneytheyneededfromthebank.(),解析：根据nor结构后的money，bank可以推测capital在这里不是指首都而是指“资金”。答案：资金,2根据反义词关系。作者常常用反义词来使文章更具表现力，我们可以利用反义词作为线索去猜句中出现的生词的意思。一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：(1)Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.(),解析：根据notatall.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即“不英俊的、不漂亮的”意思。答案：不英俊的、不漂亮的,(2)Metalexpandswhenheatedandcontractswhencooled.(),解析：从句子结构看，expand与contract相对应，whenheated与whencooled相对应。因为加热与使冷却是相反的动作，那么expand与contract也应该是相反的。答案：缩小,3根据同位或解释关系。当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。此时，可以通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。常见的用来表示同位或解释关系的词或短语有：is，means，or.(即，或者,说)；thatis(也就是说)；thatistosay(也就是说)；inotherwords(换句话说)；toputitanotherway(换句话说)；becalled；.,which；.,where；.is/areknownas(被称为)；.canbedefinedas(可被定义为)等。如：(1)Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.(),解析：从此句的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought的意思为“久旱”，“旱灾”。而adryperiod和drought是同义语。答案：久旱，旱灾,(2)Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittlethatis,itwillbreakeasily.,解析：从后面的thatis解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆的”意思。答案：“脆的”,4根据转折或对比关系：由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义或者通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词。如：Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.(),答案：准时。but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节课上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。,5根据因果关系。根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果，也可由果推因。通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等)表示前因后果。如：(1)Youshouldnthaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasnthisfault.(),解析：通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。答案：责备,(2)Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.(),解析：从so后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。答案：永远的，永久的,6根据列举的实例。根据suchas,forexample等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes(),解析：根据suchas后面列举的内容可知devices应该为“装置”的意思。答案：装置,7根据并列同类关系。一般说来，并列的几个事物应属同类事物，由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.(),解析：假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。答案：菠萝和椰子,8根据描述猜词。描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。如：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.,解析：从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类(企鹅)。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。答案：企鹅,(2011年高考)Candogsandcatsliveinperfectharmonyinthesamehome?Peoplewhoarethinkingaboutadoptingadogasafriendfortheircatsareworriedthattheywillfight.Arecentresearchhasfoundanewrecipeofsuccess.Accordingtothestudy，ifthecatisadoptedbeforethedog，andiftheyareintroducedwhenstill,典型例析,A词义猜测题,young(lessthan6monthsforcats，ayearfordogs)，itishighlyprobablethatthetwopetswillgetalongswimmingly.Twothirdsofthehomesinterviewedreportedapositiverelationshipbetweentheircatanddog.31TheunderlinedwordswimminglyinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto_.AearlyBsweetlyCquicklyDsmoothly,解析：意义猜测题。第一句提出问题“猫狗能否同屋和谐相处？”，第二句讲人们“担心猫狗打架”，第三句说最新的研究发现成功解决猫狗打架的“新秘方(anewrecipeofsuccess)”，接下来就应是“秘方”了，即swimmingly所在句便是讲发现的“秘方”，本句前面是条件，有了这些条件(即“秘方”)，两者就会“相处好”了；再由本句后面一句中的apositiverelationshipbetweentheircatanddog可以进一步确定猫狗“相处得好”，故选D。答案：D,(2012年高考)“Haveaniceday.Next!”Thisversionoftheexpressionisspokenbyasalesgirlatthesupermarketwhoisrushingmeandmygroceriesoutthedoor.Thewordscomeoutinthesametone(腔调)withafixedprocedure.Theyarespokenatme,nottome.Obviously,theconcernformydayandeveryoneelsesisthemanagementsattempttoincreasebusiness.,27WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceintheParagraphmean？()AThesalesgirlisrude.BThesalesgirlisbored.CThesalesgirlcaresaboutme.DThesalesgirlsaysthewordsasaroutine.,解析：意义猜测题。由该段最后一句“Obviously,theconcernformydayandeveryoneelsesisthemanagementsattempttoincreasebusiness.”可知。此外，此题也可以通过分析其它三个选项得出答案，A，B，C三个选项文章均未提及，属于无中生有。答案：D,(2012年高考)Well,atlastwehavecopperbottomedresearchthatsupportsdemandfeedingandpointsouttheweaknessesofstrictlytimedfeeding.Theresearchfindsoutthatbabieswhoarefedondemanddobetteratschoolatage5,7,11and14,thanbabiesfedaccordingtotheclock.Bytheageof8,theirIQ(智商)scoresarefourtofivepercenthigherthanbabiesfedbyarigidtimetable.Thisresearchcomesfrom,OxfordandEssexUniversityusingasample(样本)of10,419childrenbornintheearly1990s,takingaccountofparentaleducation,familyincome,achildssexandage,themothershealthandfeedingstyle.Theseresultsdontsurpriseme.Feedingaccordingtoschedulerunstheriskofharmingtherapidlygrowingbrainbytakingnoaccountofsinkingbloodsugarlevels.,Ihopethisresearchwillputanendtoadvocatingstrictlytimedbabyfeedingpractices.33Thewordcopperbottomedinthepassageclosestinmeaningto_.AbasicBreliableCsurprisingDinteresting,解析：意义猜测题。由试验结果的具体描述可知。另外，也可代入四个选项的意思，A为“基本的”，B为“可靠的”，C为“令人惊讶的”，D为“有趣的”，只有B最适合。答案：B,(2013年高考)UsingawebcameraequippedinJennifersLosAngelesapartment,themonitorinPhoenixtrackedhowfrequentlyhereyesmovedfromthecomputerscreenandlistenedforthesecretsoundsofapossiblehelperintheroom.HerInternetaccesswaslockedremotelytopreventInternetsearches,andhertypingstylewasanalyzedtomakesureshewaswhoshesaidshewas.Didsheenterherstudentnumberatthesamespeedasshehadinthepast?Orwassheslowingdown?,Inthebattleagainstcheating,thisisthecuttingedgeandakeytoencouragehonestyintheboomingfieldofonlineeducation.42.TheunderlinedexpressioncuttingedgeinParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_.AadvancedtechiqueBsharpeningtoolCeffectiveruleDdividingline,解析：词义推断题。由第一段的具体描述来看，这是防止作弊的先进技术，选A项。其他选项“磨锐刀具”、“有效的规则”和“分界线”都不合语境。答案：A,B指代判断题一般说来，代词的指代内容大多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。,Hereliestheproblemfortravelwriterandfoodcritic(评论家)EdieJarolim.“Ialwayslovedtravelingandalwayslikedtoeat,butitneveroccurredtomethatIcouldmakemoneydoingbothofthosethings.”Theunderlinedword“both”refersto_.AtravelingandworkingBwritingandshopping,解析：判断指代题，由前一分句“Ialwayslovedtravelingandalwayslikedtoeat”可知。答案：C,CtravelingandeatingDwritingandeating,(2013年高考)However，tosucceedinlife，onefirstneedstosetagoalandthengraduallymakeitmorepractical.And，inadditiontothat，inordertogenerallygoodatsomething，oneneedstospendatleast10,000hoursstudyingandpracticing.Tobecomegreatatcertainthings，itllrequireevenmoretime，timethatmostpeoplewontputin.,32Theunderlinedword“that”refersto_.AbeinggoodatsomethingBsettingapracticalgoalCputtinginmoretimeDsucceedinginlife,解析：代词指代题。代词是意义衔接的手段之一，此处的代词that替代前句中的setagoalandthengraduallymakeitmorepractical，故选B。答案：B,1Westudiedtheboardcritically.Someofuslookedwithoneeyeandheldupcertaincolorsagainsttheblackboard,rockingthesheetstothefightorleftwhileweconjuredupourdesigns.Otherstwistedtheirhairaroundtheirfingersorchewedtheireraserswhiledeepinthought.Wehadplansforthattendollargrandprize,eachandeveryoneofus.Imgoingtospendmineoncandies，onehopefulwouldannounce，whileanotherpracticedlookingserious,wiseandrich.,Theunderlinedphraseprobablymeans_.AformedanideaforBmadeanoutlineforCmadesomespaceforDchosesomecolorsfor,解析：意义猜测题。根据对比关系和近义推测，上下句是Some.Other.句式，“whileweconjuredupourdesigns”的对应部分是whiledeepinthought，可见conjuredup的意思是“思考，想象”，故选A。答案：A,2Parentsandkidstodaydressalike,listentothesamemusic,andarefriends.Sometimes,whenMr.Ballmerandhis16yearolddaughter,Elizabeth,listentorockmusictogetherandtalkaboutinterestsbothenjoy,suchaspopculture,heremembershismoredistantrelationshipwithhisparentswhenhewasateenager.“Iwouldneverhavesaidtomymom,Hey,thenew,Weezeralbum(威瑟乐团的专辑)isreallygreat.Howdoyoulikeit?”saysBallmer.“Therewasjustacompletegapintaste.”Musicwasnottheonlygulf.Fromclothingandhairstylestoactivitiesandexpectations,earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtomoveinseparateorbits.Today,thegenerationgaphasnotdisappeared,butitisgettingnarrowinmanyfamilies.,Theunderlinedword“gulf”inPara.3mostprobablymeans_.AinterestBdistanceCdifferenceDseparation,解析：意义猜测题。据近义或反义推测，因“Musicwasnottheonlygulf”与上段末句是递进关系，可见gulf与gap是近义关系；这里是回忆过去与现在(文章首段)的对比，可见这里的gulf与文章首段首句中的alike和same是反义关系，因此，gulf的意思是“差异(difference)”。答案：C,3Familyresearchersofferavarietyofreasonsfortheseevolvingrolesandattitudes.Theyseethe1960sasaturningpoint.Greatculturalchangesledtomoreopencommunicationandamoredemocraticprocessthatencourageseveryonetohaveasay(有发言权)“Myparentswereonthebeforesideofthatchange,buttodaysparents,the40yearolds,wereontheafterside,”explainsMr.Ballmer.,Bysaying“todaysparents,the40yearolds,wereontheafterside.”theauthormeansthattodaysparents_.AfollowthetrendofthechangeBcansetalimittothechangeCfailtotakethechangeseriouslyDhavelittledifficultyadjustingtothechange,解析：意义猜测。据上文推断，结合上一段可知，todaysparents就是60年代后的父母，他们与孩子有更多的交流，更加民主，他们应当是“顺应这种变化趋势”的，故选A。答案：A,4Wehavetwodaughters：KristenissevenyearsoldandKellyisfour.LastSundayevening,weinvitedsomepeoplehomefordinner.Theguestsarrived.Iintroducedmytwodaughterstoeachofthem.Theadultswereniceandkindandsaidhowluckyweweretohavesuchgoodkids.EachoftheguestsmadeaparticularfussoverKelly,theyoungerone,admiringherdress,herhairand,hersmile.Theysaidshewasaremarkablegirltobecarryingcoatsupstairsatherage.Ithoughttomyselfthatweadultsusuallymakeabig“todo”overtheyoungeronebecauseshestheonewhoseemsmoreeasilyhurt.Wedoitwiththebestofintentions.Butweseldomthinkofhowitmightaffecttheotherchild.,Theunderlinedexpression“makeabigtodoover”(paragraph4)means_.AshowmuchconcernaboutBhaveaspecialeffectonClistjobstobedoneforDdogoodthingsfor,解析：意义猜测题。据因果关系或近义推测，本句“因为她是似乎更易受到伤害的那一个”“所以我们成年人就对年幼的那个格外关注”，可见答案为A。另外，由上句中与之近义的“madeaparticularfussoverKelly,theyoungerone,admiringherdress,herhairandhersmile”也可推出。答案：A,5Beingconsideredaleaderinoursocietyisindeedofhighpraise.Leadershipmeanspower,commandsrespectand,mostimportant,encouragesachievement.UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscantbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefullycultivated.Differentfrompopularbelief,mostgoodleadersaremade,notborn.Theylearntheirskillsintheireverydaylives.Butwhichdotheydevelop?Howdothey(andhowcanyou)getotherstofollow?,Theunderlinedword“cultivated”(paragraph1)roughlymeans_.AencouragedBcomparedCexaminedDdeveloped,解析：意义猜测题。据对比关系和下文解释，由前句“领导艺术不像维生素C一样一口吞下”可知，“领导艺术必须是慢慢培养的”；下段的解释就更为清楚，特别是“Butwhichdotheydevelop？”中的develop,非常明显地告诉我们答案是D。答案：D,6“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves，”hesaid.Scientistsareworkingtousethatenergytomakeelectricity.Mostwavesarecreatedwhenwindsblowacrosstheocean.“Thewindstartsoutbymakinglittleripples(涟漪),butiftheykeeponblowing,thoseripplesgetbiggerandbiggerandturnintowaves,”Taylorsaid.“Wavesareoneofnatureswaysofpickingupenergyandthensendingitoffonajourney.”,Theunderlinedphrase“pickingup”(paragraph2)isclosestinmeaningto_.AstartingagainBspeedingupCgatheringDimproving,解析：据前提条件与结果推测。首先要“聚集(gather)”能量，然后才能将其发送出去(sendingitoff)。也可用代入检验排除法：用其他选项代入原句，与后面的sendingitoff在逻辑上都讲不通。此外，还可从前句中的“getbiggerandbigger”得到提示。答案：C,7Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecoloursturnedthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Theunderlinedpart“thecoloursturnedthecustomersoff”meansthatthecolours_.AattractedthecustomersstronglyBhadweakeffectsonthecustomers,CtrickedthecustomersintoshoppingDcausedthecustomerstoloseinterest,解析：意义猜测题。据因果关系推测。由“becausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective(因为这些颜色使这种药看起来没有效果)”可知，“这些颜色会使顾客对这样的药失去兴趣”。答案：D,8Alcoholmaytakeafewminutestobeabsorbedintothebloodstreamandstartactiononthebrain.Absorptionrateisincreasedwhendrinkingonanemptystomachorwhenconsumingdrinksmixedwithfruitjuice.Togetridofalcoholfromthebodyisaveryslowprocessanditisnotpossibletospeeditupwithanymeasuresliketakingashowerorhavingacupofteaorcoffee.Theunderlinedword“it”inthesecondparagraphrefersto“_”,AalcoholBabsorptionCbloodDprocess,解析：判断指代题。由该词前面的“Togetridofalcoholfromthebodyisaveryslowprocess”可知。答案：D,9.Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatoverconsumptioninthegreenestwaypossible,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotbringsomuchmaterialhomeinthefirstplace.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thatoverconsumption”referto?,AUsingtoomuchpackaging.BRecyclingtoomanywastes.CMakingmoreproductsthannecessary.DHavingmorematerialthanisneeded.,解析：判断指代题。据上文推测，由上文的“wealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed”很易选出D。但我们也可根据构词法来猜测：我们学过动词consume(消费，消耗),可知consumption应为其名词形式，前面加上over(超过)的overconsumption应为“过度消费，过度消耗”之意，故选D。答案：D,10Bytheendoftheseventeenthcentury,whennewspaperswerebeginningtobereadbymorepeople,printedmaterialsbecameanimportantwaytopromoteproductsandservices.TheLondonGazettewasthefirstnewspapertosetasideaplacejustforadvertising.Thiswassosuccessfulthatbytheendofthecenturyseveralcompaniesstartedbusinessesforthepurposeofmakingnewspaperadsformerchants.Whatdoestheword“This”referto?,AAdvertisinginnewspapers.BIncludingpicturesinads.CSellinggoodsinmarkets.DWorkingwithadagencies.,解析：判断指代题。由本句前面的“newspapertosetasideaplacejustforadvertising”可以推出。答案：A,11Mymostvividmemoryisbeingwokenandbroughtdowntositonmyfathersknee,hisarminabandage.HewasjudgedunfittoreturntoseaandtookashorejobinGlasgowfortherestofthewar.ForaslongasIcanremember,hehadaweakheart.Mothersaiditwascausedbythetorpedoes.Hesaiditwasbecauseofthecigarettes.Whichever,hediedsuddenlyinhisearly50s.,Theunderlinedword“it”referstothefathers_.AweakheartBtakingashorejobCfailuretoreturntoseaDinjurycausedbyatorpedo,解析：判断指代题。由本段中的“hehadaweakheart”可知，it指weakheart。答案：A,12Withinweeksoftherace,HenryFordformedanewautomobilecompany.Inthe1903,adoctorinDetroitboughtthefirstcarfromthecompany.ThatsalewasthebeginningofHenryFordsdream.Fordsaid:“Iwillbuildamotorcarforthegreatmassofpeople.”“Thatsale”refersto_.AthesellingofFordcarsatreducedpricesBthesaleofModelTtothemassofpeople,CthesellingofacartoaDetroitdoctorDthesalestargetfortheFordCompany,解析：判断指代题。由前后句的意义衔接关系可知，“这笔交易”是指前句的“特律的一名医生购买了这个公司的第一辆汽车”。答案：C,13Auniversityeducationisofhugeanddirectbenefittotheindivi