定语从句(12) 语法专题九

定语从句,语法专题九,OnSaving,_weknow,whenseniorstudentsgraduatefromschool,mostoftheirreferencebooksaswellastextbooks,_arestillingoodconditionare_away.Whatagreatwasteitis!Isuggestthatweshould_thesebooks.Ontheonehand,recyclingthemcansavealotofnatural_,whichcanbe_tomaketextbooks.Ontheotherhand,seniorstudentsmayhavemadeplentyofusefulnotesonthepages.Theyareveryhelpfultothe_users.Atpresent,thewholenationis_tobuildan_society.Ithinkitscertainlymeaningfultoourlong-terminterests.Infact,inAustraliaandsomeothercountries,recyclingtextbooksispopular,which_usagoodexample.,As,which,thrown,recycle,reused,energy-saving,gives,resources,following,calledon,考点一关系代词的使用1定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况：规则1：当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,something,theone,none,all,much,few,any,little等不定代词时，只能用that。规则2：当先行词被theonly,thevery(就是那个),all,much,few,any,little,no修饰时，只用that。,规则3：当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只能用that。规则4：先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that。规则5：当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。如：(正站在那儿的)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?,规则6：有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。如：Theyhavesetupacompany,whichdealswiththethingsthatarerelatedtoenvironmentprotection.规则7：当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：Hangzhouisnomorethecitythatitusedtobe.杭州不再是过去的城市。,2定语从句中的关系代词只能用which的情况：规则1：在引导非限制性定语从句时。如：这棵树,它有四百年的历史,在这里很有名。Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.规则2：介词后。如：Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖于从中得到我们的食物的土地。规则3：有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用which。,3定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况：规则1：当先行词是anyone,those时。如：Isthereanyonewhoisreadytohelptheinjuredperson?规则2：有两个定语从句，先行词指人时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用who。4whose的使用whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中只能作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose名词the名词ofwhichofwhichthe名词。如：Theclassroomwhosedoor/thedoorofwhich/ofwhichthedoorisbrokenisonthesecondfloor.,考点二关系代词as和which的使用在非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。二者的区别主要在于：规则1：as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以插入主句中，常带有“正如”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这一点”。如：Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.,规则2：主句中出现thesame,as,such,so修饰先行词，需选择关系代词as在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如：ThishouseisnotsuchasIexpect.(such为代词，作先行词；as在定语从句中作宾语)规则3：当先行词由thesame修饰时，有时也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的意思不同：that表示同一个，as表示同一类。如：ThisisthesamebagthatIlostyesterday.这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。(同一个书包)ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.这个书包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个),规则4：在以下结构中，一般也用as:as(it)appears,as(it)seemslikely,as(it)oftenhappens,as(it)waspointedout/said/reported/announced,as(it)wassaidearlier,asIremember(it),asiswellknown,asisknowntoall,asanybodycansee等。,考点三“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。如：ThepenwithwhichhewrotewasmadeinChina.他写字用的钢笔是中国制造的。,规则1：某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如takecareof,lookfor,lookafter,carefor等。如：Thisisthebook(which/that)Iamlookingfor.规则2：“介词关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等不定代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后。如：(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.,Helovedhisparentsdeeply,ofwhombothareverykindtohim.,(2)Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.Chinahasthousandsofislands,ofwhichthelargestisTaiwan.规则3：在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词which名词”结构，相当于andin/at/duringthis/that名词。如：Hewasveryill,inwhichcase(andinthiscase)wesenthimtohospitalfirst.,考点四定语从句中的主谓一致规则1：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。如：I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwheneveryouareintrouble.规则2：先行词为“oneof复数名词”时，定语从句谓语动词用复数形式；而先行词为“theonlyoneof复数名词”时，定语从句谓语动词用单数。如：哈利波特是在青少年中很受欢迎的畅销书之一。HarryPotterisoneofthebestsellersthatarepopularwithteenagers.哈利波特是畅销书中唯一能让作者成为亿万富翁的书。HarryPotteristheonlyoneofthebestsellersthatmakestheauthorabillionaire.,规则3：非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。如：Hehaspassedtheexam,whichmakesussurprised.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.规则4：关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。如：ToownaTVsetineachfamily,whichwethinkwasimpossible30yearsago,nowhasbecometrue.,考点五关系副词的使用规则1：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；when表示时间的介词(in/at/on/during)which。规则2：where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where表示地点的介词(in/at/on/under)which。规则3：why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，why表示原因的介词forwhich。规则4：以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：Theway(inwhich/that)heansweredthequestionwassurprising.(inwhich/that在从句中充当状语),【温馨提示】Theway(which/that)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(which/that在从句中充当宾语)规则5:一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity，scene及period,festival,occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which；作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词which”。如：,(1)Thereisonepoint(that/which)wemustinsiston.有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：wemustinsistonthepoint,所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。)(2)Werejusttryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。(定语从句可还原为：atapointbothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk,故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/atwhich。),考点六定语从句和其他句型之间的关系规则1：区别suchas/soas引导的定语从句和such/sothat引导的结果状语从句。如果从句缺少主语或宾语就是定语从句，连接词用as；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句，连接词用that。如：Heissuchagoodboythateveryonelikeshim.(从句不缺句子成分，that引导结果状语从句)Heissuchagoodboyaseveryonelikes.(从句中likes缺宾语，用as充当并引导定语从句),规则2：区别非限制性定语从句与并列句定语从句与主句之间用关系词连接；并列句之间用并列连词连接。如：Hesaidnothingthatmademeangry.(限制性定语从句，that是关系代词)Hesaidnothing,whichmademeangry.(非限制性定语从句，which是关系代词)Hesaidnothing,andthatmademeangry.(并列句，that是指示代词),规则3：区别定语从句与名词性从句定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语；而名词性从句中的连词that在从句中不作任何成分；疑问代词what及疑问副词how可连接名词性从句，但不能引导定语从句。如：Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsaroundtheearth.(as引导非限制性定语从句)Itisknowntoallthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearth.(it作形式主语，that引导主语从句)Whatisknowntoallisthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearth.(what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句)Thatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthisknowntoall.(that引导主语从句),规则4：区别定语从句与地点状语从句关系副词引导定语从句时，其前面必须有表示时间、地点、原因等先行词；而疑问副词连接状语从句时，其前面没有。如：Whenyoureadthebook,youdbettermakeamarkintheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestions.(定语从句修饰先行词place)Whenyoureadthebook,youdbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.(地点状语从句),规则5：区别定语从句与强调句that在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语；而在强调句型中that不作任何成分，但不能省。如：Itwasthissmallvillage(that/which)welivedin10yearsago.(定语从句)Itwasinthissmallvillagethatwelived10yearsago.(强调句),【2012山东卷】1.Mariahaswrittentwonovels,bothof_havebeenmadeintotelevisionseries.A.themB.thatC.whichD.what【2012福建卷】2.Theairqualityinthecity,_isshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.A.thatB.itC.asD.what【2012浙江卷】3.Ellenwasapainterofbirdsandofnature,_,forsomereason,hadwithdrawnfromallhumansociety.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.whom【2012浙江卷】4.Weliveinanage_moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.A.whyB.whenC.towhomD.onwhich,C,C,B,B,【2012江苏卷】5.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.what【2012安徽卷】6.Alotoflanguagelearning,_hasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.A.asB.itC.whichD.this【2012江西卷】7.By16:30,_wasalmostclosingtime,nearlyallthepaintingshadbeensold.A.whichB.whenC.whatD.that【2012湖南卷】8.Careofthesoulisagradualprocess_eventhesmalldetailsoflifeshouldbeconsidered.A.whatB.inwhatC.whichD.inwhich,B,A,A,D,【2012重庆卷】9.Salesdirectorisaposition_communicationabilityisjustasimportantassales.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where【2012四川卷】10.Inourclassthereare46students,_halfwearglasses.A.inwhomB.inthemC.ofwhomD.ofthem【2012陕西卷】11.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,_hassurprisedusall.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what【2012北京卷】12.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,_heoftenwas，hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when,D,C,C,B,【2012全国II】13.Thatevening,_Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupworkingverylate.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when【2012天津卷】14.IwishtothankProfessorSmith,with