日本文化介绍(全英文版)PPT幻灯片

,1,quietcity,thewaytoJapan,2,Japan,JapanisanislandnationinEastAsiacomprisingalargestratovolcanicarchipelagoextendingalongthePacificcoastofAsia.Measuredfromthegeographiccoordinatesystem,Japanis36northoftheequatorand138eastofthePrimeMeridian.Thecountryisnorth-northeastofChinaandTaiwan(separatedbytheEastChinaSea)andslightlyeastofKorea(separatedbytheSeaofJapan).ThecountryissouthoftheRussianFarEast.,3,Themainislands,sometimescalledtheHomeIslands,are(fromnorthtosouth)Hokkaid,Honsh(themainland),ShikokuandKysh.Therearealsoabout3,000smallerislands,includingOkinawa,andislets,someinhabitedandothersuninhabited.Intotal,asof2006,Japansterritoryis377,923.1km,ofwhich374,834kmislandand3,091kmwater.ThismakesJapanstotalareaslightlysmallerthantheU.S.stateofMontana,slightlybiggerthantheBrazilianstateofMatoGrossodoSul.JapanisbiggerthanGermany,Malaysia,NewZealandandtheU.K.,andis1.7timesthesizeofKorea.,Composition,4,Climate,Japanbelongstothetemperatezonewithfourdistinctseasons,butitsclimatevariesfromcooltemperateinthenorthtosubtropicalinthesouth.Theclimateisalsoaffectedbytheseasonalwindsthatblowfromthecontinenttotheoceaninwintersandviceversainsummers.Japanisgenerallyarainycountrywithhighhumidity.Becauseofitswiderangeoflatitude,Japanhasavarietyofclimates,witharangeoftencomparedtothatoftheeastcoastofNorthAmerica,fromNovaScotiatoGeorgia.Tokyoisatabout35degreesnorthlatitude,comparabletothatofTehran,Athens,orLasVegas.Thegenerallyhumid,temperateclimateexhibitsmarkedseasonalvariationcelebratedinartandliterature,aswellasregionalvariationsrangingfromcoolinHokkaidtosubtropicalinKysh.ClimatealsovarieswithaltitudeandwithlocationonthePacificOceanorontheSeaofJapan.NorthernJapanhaswarmsummersbutlong,coldwinterswithheavysnow.CentralJapanhashot,humidsummersandshortwinters,andsouthwesternJapanhaslong,hot,humidsummersandmildwinters.,5,Population,AsofMarch2009,Japanspopulationis127,076,183,1makingittheworldstenthmostpopulatedcountry.Itssizecanbeattributedtofastgrowthratesexperiencedduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.Afterhavingexperiencednetpopulationlossoveranumberofyearsduetofallingbirthratesandalmostnonetimmigration,anddespitehavingoneofthehighestlifeexpectanciesintheworldat81.25yearsofageasof2006,2Japanspopulationroseforasecondyearinarowin2009,3mainlybecausemoreJapanesereturnedtoJapanthanleft.citationneededThepopulationofJapanin2000,atNewYear,was127million.Itspopulationdensitywas336peoplepersquarekilometer.ThepopulationrankingofJapandroppedfrom7thto8thin1990andfrom8thto9thin1998and10thsince,6,Clothes-Kimono(和服）,ThekimonoisaJapanesetraditionalgarmentwornbywomen,menandchildren.Thewordkimono,whichliterallymeansathingtowear(kiwearandmonothing),hascometodenotethesefull-lengthrobes.ThestandardpluralofthewordkimonoinEnglishiskimonos,buttheunmarkedJapanesepluralkimonoisalsosometimesused.KimonoareT-shaped,straight-linedrobeswornsothatthehemfallstotheankle,withattachedcollarsandlong,widesleeves.Kimonoarewrappedaroundthebody,alwayswiththeleftsideovertheright(exceptwhendressingthedeadforburial),andsecuredbyasashcalledanobi,whichistiedattheback.Kimonoaregenerallywornwithtraditionalfootwearandsplit-toesocksToday,kimonoaremostoftenwornbywomen,andonspecialoccasions.Traditionally,unmarriedwomenworeastyleofkimonocalledfurisodewithalmostfloor-lengthsleeves,onspecialoccasions.Afewolderwomenandevenfewermenstillwearthekimonoonadailybasis.Menwearthekimonomostoftenatweddings,teaceremonies,andotherveryspecialorveryformaloccasions.ProfessionalsumowrestlersareoftenseeninthekimonobecausetheyarerequiredtoweartraditionalJapanesedresswheneverappearinginpublic,7,AwomanskimonomayeasilyexceedUS$10,000;acompletekimonooutfit,withkimono,undergarments,obi,ties,socks,sandals,andaccessories,canexceedUS$20,000.Asingleobimaycostseveralthousanddollars.However,mostkimonosownedbykimonohobbyistsorbypractitionersoftraditionalartsarefarlessexpensive.Enterprisingpeoplemaketheirownkimonoandundergarmentsbyfollowingastandardpattern,orbyrecyclingolderkimonos.Cheaperandmachine-madefabricscansubstituteforthetraditionalhand-dyedsilk.ThereisalsoathrivingbusinessinJapanforsecond-handkimonos,whichcancostaslittleas500(about$5).Womensobis,however,mostlyremainanexpensiveitem.Althoughsimplepatternedorplaincoloredonescancostaslittleas1,500(about$15),evenausedobicancosthundredsofdollars,andexperiencedcraftsmanshipisrequiredtomakethem.Mensobis,eventhosemadefromsilk,tendtobemuchlessexpensive,becausetheyarenarrower,shorterandlessdecorativethanthosewornbywomen.,ThecostofKimono,8,2/Sukiyakisuki:j:ki:鸡素烧,SukiyakiisoneoftherepresentativefoodsofJapan.Thenamecomesfromthefarmerspadesometimesusedtocookon.Sukiyakirefersdirectlytobroilingbeefonthespade,alongwithsoybeancurd,leeks,andvegetables.Theseasoning调料includessoysauces:s,sweetsake,andsugar.,9,JapaneseFood,10,Thestaplesteipl主食oftheJapanesedietisrice,riceandsoybeancurdsoup酱汤beingcommonbreakfastfoods.Therearealsomanypeoplewhoeatbreadforbreakfast.Japanesefoodmostlyconsistsoffishinsteadofmeat,andalsosoybeans,soitisgoodforthehealth.Foodsthataremostwellreceivedbyforeignersaretempuratempur天妇罗,sukiyakisuki:j:ki:鸡素烧,sushisu:i:寿司,sashimis:i:mi生鱼片,buckwheatnoodles荞麦面条,andsoybeancurd.,11,First:Tempuratempur天妇罗,12,1:Tempuratempur天妇罗,Thisdishmostlyconsistsofdeep-friedeggplant,squashskw,sweetpotato,andothervegetables,alongwithshrimprimp小虾andFish.OnetheoryisthatthewordtempuracamefromtheSpanishtempera,meaningtemperature.Tempuraiseatenwithaspecialsoysauce-baseddip.天妇罗主要是茄子、南瓜、甘薯等菜类以及虾、鱼等的油炸食品。有一种说法认为“天妇罗”的语源是西班牙语“tempera（温度）”。吃天妇罗时要蘸着一种特制的油，这种油的主要成分是酱油。,13,3Buckwheatbkwi:tnoodles荞麦面条,BuckwheatnoodlesorsobaisalsoatypicalJapanesedish.Therearesomepeoplethateatsobaatleastonceaday.Manyofficeworkersmakeitahabittohavesobaforlunch.Sobanoodlesareamixtureofbuckwheat,flourflau面粉andeggs.Itlookssimilartospaghettiinshape.Itisfirstboiled,andthendippedinasoupmadeofsoysauce,salt,sweetsake,andbonitobni:tushavingswhenitisbeingeaten.Becausesobaislong,itisconsideredasymboloflonglife.,14,Culture-teaceremony,TheJapaneseteaceremony,alsocalledtheWayofTea,isaJapaneseculturalactivityinvolvingtheceremonialpreparationandpresentationofmatcha,powderedgreentea.InJapanese,itiscalledchanoyu(茶湯)orchad(茶道;alsopronouncedsad?).Themannerinwhichitisperformed,ortheartofitsperformance,iscalledotemae.ZenBuddhismwasaprimaryinfluenceinthedevelopmentoftheteaceremony.,Teagatheringsareclassifiedasochakaiorchaji(茶事).Chakaiisarelativelysimplecourseofhospitalitythatincludestheserviceofconfections,thintea(薄茶usucha),andperhapsalightmeal.Chajiisamoreformalgathering,usuallywithafull-coursemeal(kaiseki),followedbyconfections,thickteaandthintea.Achajiwilllikelylastatleastfourhours.,15,BushidmeaningWayoftheWarrior,isaJapanesecodeofconductandawayofthesamurailife,looselyanalogoustotheconceptofchivalry.Itoriginatesfromthesamuraimoralcodeandstressesfrugality,loyalty,martialartsmastery,andhonoruntodeath.Bornoftwomaininfluences,theviolentexistenceofthesamuraiwastemperedbythewisdomandserenityofJapaneseShintoandBuddhism.Bushiddevelopedbetweenthe9thand12thcenturiesandnumeroustranslateddocumentsdatingfromthe12thto16thcenturiesdemonstrateitswideinfluenceacrossthewholeofJapanalthoughsomescholarshavenotedthetermbushiditselfisrarelyattestedinpremodernliterature,Culture-Bushido武士道,16,Sightspot,OsakaCastleParkMountFujiTokyoDisney,17,OsakaCastlePark,JapansthreemajorcitiesofOsakaCastle,thefirstpark,cherryblossomsaroundthecityofGilbert,about4000ofthecherry.OsakaCityhasmorethan400yearsofhistory,higheight,themaximumlevelsetisexpectedtoTaiwan,youcanviewpanoramicviewofOsaka.OsakaCityisunparalleledbynumerouslargestonesfromthecomposition.Peoplewithaheavysenseofdignity.Parkgreeneverywhere,verylushcherrytreesisagoodplaceforleisurewalks.HavebeenaroundinJapan,YokohamasChinatownChineseNewYearisreallygreatfun.WhereyoucanexperiencethetraditionalChinesebesidecanenjoytraditionalChinesedishes.,18,TokyoDisney,TokyoDisneyResortissplitintotwodifferentthemeparks:TokyoDisneyLandandTokyoDisneySea.ItwasfirstopenedonApril15th,1983andhassinceearnedmanypositivereviews.Bothofthethemeparksopenat9aminthemorningandclosesat10pmintheevening.ThemostamazingthingsaboutthisresortisthatisisrevolvedaroundtheDisneyDreamtheme,andinvolvesalotofsimpleyetattractiveridesforkids.TheDisneyparadeeverySaturdayafternoonisalsoahugeeventinvolvingpuppetshows,dressups,princesscompetitionsandmanymore.,19,MountFujiisthehighestmountaininJapanat3,776.24m(12,389ft).Anactivestratovolcano5thatlasteruptedin170708,MountFujiliesabout100kilometres(60miles)south-westofTokyo,andcanbeseenfromthereonaclearday.MountFujisexceptionallysymmetricalconeisawell-knownsymbolofJapananditisfrequentlydepictedinartandphotographs,aswellasvisitedbysightseersandclimbers.ItisoneofJapansThreeHolyMountains(三霊山)alongwithMountTateandMountHakeu.,MountFuji,20,MountFuji,ThecurrentkanjiforMountFuji,富and士,meanwealthorabundantandamanwithacertainstatusrespectively.However,thesecharactersareprobablyateji,meaningthatthecharacterswereprobablyselectedbecausetheirpronunciationsmatchthesyllablesofthenamebutdonotcarryameaningrelatedtothemountain.TheoriginofthenameFujiisunclear.Atextofthe10thcenturyTaleoftheBambooCuttersaysthatthenamecamefromimmortalandalsofromtheimageofabundantsoldiersascendingtheslopesofthemountainAnearlyfolketymologyclaimsthatFujicamefrom不二(not+two),meaningwithoutequalornonpareil.Anotherclaimsthatitcamefrom不尽(not+toexhaust),meaningneverending.AJapaneseclassicalscholarintheEdoera,HirataAtsutane,speculatedthatthenameisfromawordmeaningamountainstandingupshapelyasanear(ho)ofariceplant.ABritishmissionaryBobChiggleson(18541944)arguedthatthenameisfromtheAinuwordforfire(fuchi)ofthefiredeity(KamuiFuchi),whichwasdeniedbyaJapaneselinguistKysukeKindaichi(18821971)onthegroundsofphoneticdevelopment(soundchange).Itisalsopointedoutthathuchimeansanoldwomanandapeisthewordforfire,apehuchikamuybeingthefiredeity.ResearchonthedistributionofplacenamesthatincludefujiasapartalsosuggesttheoriginofthewordfujiisintheYamatolanguageratherthanAinu.AJapanesetoponymistKanjiKagamiarguedthatthenamehasthesamerootaswisteria(fuji)andrainbow(niji,butwithanalternativewordfuji),andcamefromitslongwell-shapedslope.,21,22,festival,NewYear(正月,Shgatsu)Date:1-3ofJanuary(relatedcelebrationstakeplacethroughoutJanuary)OtherNames:Oshgatsu(Oisanhonorificprefix)DollFestival(雏祭,DollFestival)Date:3MarchOtherNames:SangatsuSekku(3rdmonthFestival),MomoSekku(PeachFestival),JoshinoSekku(GirlsFestival),Information:Thisisthedayfamiliesprayforthehappinessandprosperityoftheirgirlsandtohelpensurethattheygrowuphealthyandbeautiful.Thecelebrationtakesplacebothinsidethehomeandattheseashore.Bothpartsaremeanttowardoffevilspiritsfromgirls.Younggirlsputontheirbestkimonosandvisittheirfriendshomes.Tieredplatformsforhinaningy(hinadolls;asetofdollsrepresentingtheemperor,empress,attendants,andmusiciansinancientcourtdress)aresetupinthehome,andthefamilycelebrateswithaspecialmealofhishimochi(diamond-shapedricecakes)andshirozake(ricemaltwithsake).,23,festival,Hanami(花见,Hanami)HanamipartyalongSakaiRiverinBeppu,OitaDate:AprilOtherNames:Hanami(flowerviewing),CherryBlossomFestivalBoysDay(子供日,Kodomonohi)Date:5MayOtherNames:IrisFestival(菖蒲节句,ShbunoSekku),TangoFestival(端午节句,TangonoSekku),Information:VariousflowerfestivalsareheldatShintoshrinesduringthemonthofApril.Excursionsandpicnicsforenjoyingflowers,particularlycherryblossomsarealsocommon.Insomeplacesflowerviewingpartiesareheldontraditionallyfixeddates.Thisisoneofthemostpopulareventsduringspring.Thesubjectofflowerviewinghaslongheldanimportantplaceinliterature,danceandthefinearts.Ikebana(flowerarrangement)isalsoapopularpartofJapanesecultureandisstillpracticedbymanypeopletoday.Somemainthingspeopledoduringthiseventare:games,folksongs,folkdance,flowerdisplays,rides,parades,concerts,kimonoshows,boothswithfoodandotherthings,beautypageant,andreligiousceremonies.,Information:MayisthemonthoftheIrisFestival.Thetall-stemmedJapaneseirisisasymbolicflower.Itslong,narrowleavesresemblethesharpbladesoffasword,andformanycenturiesithasbeenthecustomtoplaceirisleavesinaboysbathtogivehimamartialspirit.OriginallyMay5thwasafestivalforboyscorrespondingtotheDollFestival,forgirls,butin1948itwasrenamedChildrensDay,andmadeanationalholiday.However,thismightbeamisnomer;thesymbolsofcourageandstrengthmainlyhonorboys.Itiscustomaryonthisdayforfamilieswithmalechildrentoflykoinobori(carpstreamers,asymbolofsuccess)outsidethehouse,displaywarriordolls(mushaningy)inside,andeatchimaki(ricecakeswrappedincogangrassorbambooleaves)andkashiwamochi(ricecakesfilledwithbeanpasteandwrappedinoakleaves).Alsoknownaskodomonohi,24,festival,Tanabata(七夕,Tanabata)Date:7JulyOtherNames:TheStarFestivalBonFestival(盆,bon)Date:13-15AugustOtherNames:urabon(盂兰盆,urabon)7-5-3Festival(七五三,Shichigosan)Date:15November,Information:Five-year-oldboysandseven-orthree-year-oldgirlsaretakentothelocalshrinetoprayfortheirsafeandhealthyfuture.Thisfestivalstartedbecauseofthebeliefthatchildrenofcertainageswereespeciallypronetobadluckandhenceinneedofdivineprotection.Childrenareusuallydressedintraditionalclothingfortheoccasionandaftervisitingtheshrinemanypeoplebuychitose-ame(thousand-yearcandy)soldattheshrine.,25,festival,PreparationfortheNewYearandYear-endfairDate:lateDecemberOtherNames:Year-end(年瀬,toshinose),Year-endFair(年市,ToshinoIchi)misoka(大晦日,misoka)Date:31December,Information:Peopledothegeneralhousecleaning(sji)towelcomecomingyearandnottokeephavingimpureinfluences.ManypeoplevisitBuddhisttemplestohearthetemplebellsrung108timesatmidnight(joyanokane).Thisistoannouncethepassingoftheoldyearandthecomingofthenew.Thereaso