中考英语 阅读理解 猜测词义题解题指导

阅读理解之猜测词义题解题指导一、考查内容英语阅读理解中，经常出现一定数量的生词，并且每年中考总会有猜测词义的题目，其特点是对生词、短语、指示代词和句子的意思进行猜测，其目的在于考查学生根据上下文推测生词、短语含义的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。猜测词义题常见的设问方式有：1. The underlined word “” refers to/means _.2. The expression “” is closest to _.二、解题技巧猜测词义题主要运用阅读技巧中根据上下文所给的语境猜测生词的技巧。在寻找相关信息时，考生可从如下几方面入手：句子结构、逻辑关系、构词法和常识。其中把握信息之间的逻辑关系是最重要的。这就需要考生在平时的学习过程中，掌握基本语法知识，特别是从句的作用和意义、连词表达的逻辑关系，还要多读书学习常识、了解外国文化、开阔视野。下面具体谈谈做好这类题的方法和技巧：1. 根据上下文语境猜测词义一个单词或词组的确切含义与其所处的上下文及语境联系密切，所以我们可以借助上下文语境进行合乎逻辑的推测。例：2020年浙江湖州卷What is the first thing you want to do when you see someone yawn (打哈欠)? You want to yawn, too! Yawning is contagious.The underlined word “contagious” in Paragraph 1 means _.A. helpful to our healthB. passing from one person to anotherC. hard to understandD. getting in one trouble after another【解析】 B。contagious乍看起来像是一个完完全全的生词，但通过上文我们得知“别人打哈欠的时候，你的第一反应也是想打哈欠”。通过描述，我们知道打哈欠是可以传染的，所以正确答案为B。2. 复述推测法根据复述内容来猜测生词的大致意义范围，复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。在复述中两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等，也常用or, similarly, that is to say, in other words等。例：2020年浙江宁波卷Finally, they all take flight and the migration really begins. What a spectacular sight it must be thousands of flaming taking off into the sky at once!What does the underlined word “spectacular” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Frustrating.B. Surprising.C. Terrible. D. Fantastic.【解析】 D。thousands of flaming taking off into the sky是对a spectacular sight的解释，很显然，“成千上万的发光发亮的物体飞上天空”是很壮观的、惊人的，所以正确答案是D。3. 替代、说明、举例推测法在阅读中，前后文中会对生词、短语和句子进行一定的解释说明，或者会用其它词汇替代或者举例进行阐述说明，可由此推断出其所指含义。例：2020年河北卷Education is well-rounded and it is mainly for improving a man. It is not only to teach him to speak, read and write, but also to develop his creative thinking and other abilities. After that, it is to make him a wise man and thankfully enjoy the achievements of human. Education is to make a man lead a better life. Educated people are expected to be able to listen to good music, read good books, watch plays and most of all take an interest in the word.The underlined word “well-rounded” in the passage means “_” in Chinese.A. 圆满的 B. 崭新的 C. 公平的 D. 全面的【解析】D。well-rounded之后的句子详细给出了阐述：教育不仅教人们听说读写，还发展人们的创造性思维和其它一些能力。这些都表达了一个概念：教育培养的是全能型人才，所以选D。4. 因果关系法在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。根据因果关系猜测词义，从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因的信号词有：because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等。例：2020年山东东营卷Jake wasnt impressed with what he had done. “Stopping the bus,” he said, “was easy compared to playing Grand Theft Auto III,” his favorite video game. The bus driver was taken to the police station. He was at first charged (指控) with “leaving a child alone while motor is running.” The lawyer said he hoped to upgrade the charge because of the number of children (twenty) on the bus.What does the underlined word “upgrade” mean in the fourth paragraph?A. 改变 B. 取消 C. 加重 D. 减轻【解析】 C。根据because后的原因当时有二十个学生在车上而不是一个，推测结果是律师要“升级、加重”对司机的指控，所以正确答案为C。5. 代词替代法一般情况下，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。例：2020年浙江舟山卷Although scientists have been trying for many years to develop a new kind of car that does not need gasoline (汽油), they have been unsuccessful.The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refers to _.A. cars B. scientists C. engines D. drivers【解析】B。从上下文可以得知，科学家致力于发明一种不需要汽油的汽车，但是他们没有成功，所以这里的they指的是scientists, 故正确答案是B。6. 根据反义词和对比关系猜测词义有时文中会用一些互为对应、互为反义的词语，来表现事物之间的差异和观点的不同。这时往往会出现转折词but, yet, however, while, in spite of, on the contrary, instead of等。例：2020年江苏淮安卷For example, we all have days like this: our dog has made a mess on the floor we just cleaned, or our friend called to tell us he or she couldnt come at the last minute when we had cooked dinner for him or her. We may be really angry but we tried to bear things like those.The underlined word “bear” in Paragraph 2 means _.A. 纠正 B. 忍受 C. 铭记 D. 杜绝【解析】B。前文中描述了两种场景：狗狗把我们刚擦干净的地板弄得一团糟，朋友在我们准备好晚饭后才告知不能来。这两件事情是足以让我们抓狂生气的事情，但文章中的but一词的出现说明后面bear的意思是和angry是相反意义的词。根据判断，我们得知对这样的事情我们可能会很生气但是也应该尽量去忍受，所以B为正确答案。7. 根据构词法判断英语构词可分为三类：合成、转化和派生词。(1) 合成词即将两个、三个或多个词组合在一起形成一个具有不同含义的新词。有些合成了的新词连写；有些词合成之后，词与词之间要用连字符连接起来。如：basket + ball basketball。(2) 转化是由一种词类转化成另一种词类。如:Our classroom is clean and tidy. (adj.)They clean their room every day. (v.)(3) 派生是通过在一个词根（root）的前面加前缀（prefix）或在其后加后缀（suffix）构成一个新单词即派生词。如：visit visitor。例：2020年天津卷The people from 150 countries live and work in Dubai, and foreigners now outnumber Dubai natives (本地人) by eight to one.What does the underlined word “outnumber” mean?A. To be small in size than another group.B. To be more in number than another group.C. To be bigger in area than another group.D. To be smaller in area than another group.【解析】B。本题也可以根据构词法判断：out作为前缀加名词或形容词，有“超过”的意思。根据构词法可知outnumber指“数目上超过”，所以答案是B。8. 根据常识及生活经验来猜测词义：尽可能利用有关知识，如生活经验、常识、学科知识、科普知识进行必要的推理，以达到理解词义的目的。同时了解一些国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，猜测词义的能力也能得到增强。例：2020年湖北宜昌卷“If I plant it on the hill,” he said to himself, “the wind might catch it and shake down the delicious fruit before it is ripe. If I plant it close to the road, passers-by will see it and take away the apples but if I plant it too near the door of my house, my children may pick the fruit.”The underlined word “ripe” means _.A. 挂果 B. 成熟 C. 开花 D. 成长【解析】 B。根据常识我们知道果树一般都是先开花后结果，故排除C选项；前文已经提到the delicious fruit了，所以A选项也不正确；D选项的范围太大，从播种发芽到开花结果的过程都可以称为成长。所以选B，果子在成熟之前被风吹落。三、答题时需要注意的问题和解决方法1. 对单词的意义理解不够充分。有些单词的汉语意思一样或接近，这就需要考生不仅要知道单词的汉语意义，还要知道其英语解释，这样才可以做到在文章中正确理解和使用。2. 只考虑到本句话的意义，没有回到上下文确认答案。考生不仅需将所选答案放入该句中确认语法是对的，语义和逻辑是通顺的，还要在文章中核实是否符合文章特点，上下文是否通顺，是否合乎情理。猜测生词题旨在考查考生在文章中通过上下文对生词的理解能力，因此回到文章中推断理解词义是做好此类题的关键。猜测词义题专项训练本文作者： Teens中考研究小组 期号：432 阅读数：51评论 打印 收藏为了加强对阅读理解中猜测词义类题型的训练，我们从一些文章中节选了一些片段，大家一起来练习一下吧。1. The French, proud of their delicious and high-class cuisine, dont like fast food. About 80 percent of them think it is unhealthy, followed by 75 percent of Japanese.The word “cuisine” in the passage means “_”.A. food B. house C. water D. country2. Linguist James Milroy says, for centuries, it is believed without exception that young people are harming the language. And you can bet your bottom dollar that when todays teenagers become tomorrows parents, they too will think this way.The expression “bet your bottom dollar” means _.A. be fairly sure B. be greatly surprisedC. think it a pity D. find it interesting3. We call it “junk sleep”. It means you dont get enough sleep and the quality of the sleep is bad, too. If you dont get good rest, you dont perform well in school the next day.“Junk food” and “junk sleep” are similar to each other in the way that _.A. they are both low in qualityB. they are both produced in factoriesC. people enjoy both in their spare timeD. they are both good to peoples health4. The Germans are very hard-working. They like tidiness, especially German women, who always keep their homes clean.What does the underlined word “tidiness” mean in Chinese?A. 整洁 B. 安静 C. 时尚 D. 随意5. Shopping on the Internet is becoming more and more popular. Why do people use the Internet to shop? Some people say it is more convenient. They dont have to leave their homes to order something; they can shop for anything they want at any time; they can find things for sale that they cant find in the stores near their homes. Still other people say they can find better prices on the Internet.The Chinese meaning of the word “convenient” in this passage is “_”.A. 时髦的 B. 较近的C. 方便的 D. 可用的6. A beginner can understand how to operate the kite with 510 hours of training. And anybody aged from 13 to 65 can learn. It is not expensive to get the equipment for kite surfing, which costs $1,000 to $2,500. Training lessons range from $200 to $500 for two or three hours.The underlined word “range” means “_” in Chinese.A. 在范围内变动 B. 按顺序排列C. 向方向延伸 D. 根据归类7. If you sleep on curled up (蜷缩), you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are very defensive. Youre shy and you dont usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own.What does the word “defensive” mean in the passage?A. 易怒的 B. 攻击性的C. 外向的 D. 有戒心的8. People in Britain love trees. If it is autumn and leaves are falling from the trees, some people try to catch the leaves as they fall because they think each leaf they catch will bring them a lucky month in the following year they will need to catch 12 falling leaves to have a whole year of good luck!The underlined word “them” refers to _.A. trees B. people C. leaves D. years9. As they walked, Mark knew that the boys name was Bill, that he loved computer games, basketball and history, and that he was having lots of trouble with his other subjects and that he had just broken up with his girlfriend.In this passage, the phrase “break up” means “_”.A. 相处很好 B. 和好如初C. 关系破裂 D. 保持联系10. Now, Gao has to go to prison (监狱) for six months and pay a 4,000 yuan fine.What does the underlined word “fine” in the passage refer to?A. Health. B. Weather.C. Money. D. Life.11. These are the steps to follow when you are reading something difficult:1. Start to read normally until you run into a sentence that doesnt make sense to you.2. When a sentence doesnt make sense, go back and read it again more slowly.The underlined phrase “run into” means _.A. work out B. come acrossC. look into D. pass by12. You, too, have skills and abilities. You may not feel that your talent is great, but it may be better than you think. With hard work, most skills can be improved. Besides, you may have no success at all if you just sit on your talent.The words “sit on” in the passage probably mean _.A. fail to realize B. forget to useC. try to develop D. manage to show13. Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psychologists, are starting to believeA psychologist is a person who may help you with your _.A. illness and abilitiesB. thoughts and behaviorC. mind and nervous systemD. physical activity and daily exercise14. You may know the word “astronaut”. But do you know the word “taikonaut”? It means “Chinese astronaut” in English. It comes from the Chinese pinyin “taikong” and the English word “astronaut”What does “taikonaut” mean in English?A. Chinese astronaut. B. Chinese scientist.C. Chinese center. D. Chinese space.15. Telephone: There is a telephone in your room. Dial “0” before you make a call. We will tell you to wait a moment if the lines are busy.The underlined word “dial” means _.A. 划 B. 打 C. 拨 D. 摸16. As time went by, Londons Chinese community became more and more successful. The sons and daughters of the original restaurant workers studied and worked very hard. And most went on to get highly paid jobs. Many Chinese families left Chinatown and moved to the more expensive outskirts. Chinatown, however, is still as lively as ever.According to this passage, if people live in the outskirts of a city, they live _.A. in the villageB. far away from the cityC. in the center of the cityD. in the outer areas of the city17. Instead of trying to deny your anger, make it clear to yourself and accept it. See your anger.The underlined word “deny” in the passage means “_”.A.误解 B. 否认 C. 疏远 D. 减轻18. During the war, President Eisenhower noticed what good roads Germany had. He decided to build new four-lane (四车道) roads in America. He said if something happen