专四写作提纲(2012).ppt

专四写作辅导,凌霄鹏,提纲,作文结构及展开方法常用模板套语简介优化语言办法实用句式简介,TEM-4作文,一、时间安排10+20+510分钟：读题审题，构思并列提纲2O分钟：按照提纲写作5分钟：检查润色,二、卷面设置作文的排版：不多于卷面的23，不少于13。字体：不要过大或过小，字间距保持均匀，字迹要工整。段落格式：要整齐划一，段首一律空四个字母的位置。,三、作文结构及内容议论文为主，由四个部分组成：标题(title)，介绍(introduction)，主体(body)结尾(conclusion)。,(一)介绍(introduction)第一句：说明整段文章的总义和介绍文章的主题，第二至三句：表达考生的个人意见(论点)，最后一句：引领进入主体部分。,采用三种方法：1引用法。文章开头引用名人名言、谚语或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点，并明确自己的立场。,引用法,（OnMakingFriends-）：Asaproverbgoes，alifewithoutafriendisalifewithoutthesunItistruethateverybodyneedsfriends。soIfinditquitenecessarytomakefriends,2现象法。对于某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章通常在文章的开始首先引出这种现象或问题，然后进行评论并提出考生自己的观点。,现象法,Onchildrenseducation-ChinesefamiliesaretraditionallyknownforvaluingtheeducationoftheirchildrenMostparentsaretryingtooffertheirchildrenthebesteducation，regardingitastheirmostimportantdutyItseemstomethattherearethreereasonsforthis，allofwhichareconcernedwithdemandsofmodernlife,3对立法。文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法，或偏向的那个看法。此方法多用于有争议性的主题。,对立法,IPrefertoLiveinaBigCity-DifferentpeoplehavedifferentideasaboutwheretoliveSomepeopleliketoliveinbigcitiesOthersprefercountrylifeIthinkbothoftheliveshavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantagesIflamtomakeachoice，Iwillnothesitatetochoosetheformer,(二)主体(body)主体部分段首通常有一个主题句(topicsentence)，用来表示该段的中心思想。几个常用主题句句型：1.Itisbelievedthat_X_hasthefollowingadvantages2._X_isimportantinseveralways3.Isidewiththisviewfortworeasons4._X_benefitsusinmanyways,支持主题句的要点：通过例证、引证、对比、因果论证及反证等方法逐步论述各个要点。表示顺序的词汇，如：tobeginwith，firstandforemost；then，furthermore，besides；finally，lastbutnotleast,TheImportanceofExtensiveReading,ExtensivereadingbenefitsusinmanywaysFirstofall，byreadingextensively,wecanbroadenourknowledgeForinstance，newspapersandmagazinescankeepusinformedofcurrenteventsSoitiseasyforustoknowwhatisgoingonintheworldtodaySecondly，extensivereadinghelpsusimproveourreadingcomprehensioneffectively,Themoreweread，thebetterweunderstandandthefasterourreadingspeedwillbeWhatismore，extensivereadingisthebestwaytoenlargeourvocabularyDuetofrequentcontactwithunfamiliarwords，wefinditeasytoguessthemeaningofthemevenwithoutreferringtothedictionaryWecanoftenfindcontextcluesfornewwords,(三)结尾(conclusion)特别结论句式，如：ingeneral，tosumup，toconclude，allinall等等最好用一两句话来总结全文，使其前后呼应。也可以在结论上提出相应的建议、推荐、介绍和解决方法。,写作模板,1对立观点式A有人认为X是好事，赞成X，为什么？B有人认为X是坏事，反对X，为什么？C我的看法。,SomepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofdoingX.Theypointoutthefactthat支持X的第一个原因。Theyalsoarguethat支持X的另一个原因。However,otherpeoplestandonadifferentground.TheyconsideritharmfultodoX.Theyfirmlypointoutthat反对X的第一个理由。,Anexamplecangivethedetailsofthisargument:一个例子。Thereissometruthinbotharguments.ButIthinktheadvantagesofXoverweighthedisadvantages.Inadditiontotheabove-mentionednegativeeffectsitmightbringabout,XalsomayX的有一个坏处。,2批驳观点式A一个错误观点。B我不同意。,Manypeoplearguethat错误观点。Bysayingthat,theymean对这个观点的进一步解释。Anexampletheyhavepresentedisthat一个例子。（AccordingtoasurveyperformedbyXonagroupofY,almost80%ofthem赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。,Theremightbesomeelementoftruthinthesepeoplesbelief.Butifweconsideritindepth,wewillfeelnoreservationtoconcludethat与错误观点相反的观点。Thereareanumberofreasonsbehindmybelief.Firstly,.Secondly,.Asaresult(总结前言）,3社会问题（现象）式A一个社会问题或者现象。B产生的原因C对社会和我们生活的影响D如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话）E前景的预测。,Nowadays,thereexistsanincreasinglyserioussocial/economic/environmentalproblem.(Xhasincreasinglybecomeacommonconcernofthepublic).Accordingtoasurvey,调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。,Thereareacoupleofreasonsboomingthisproblem/phenomenon.Forexample,Xhascausedsubstantialimpactonthesocietyandourdailylife,whichhasbeenarticulatedinthefollowingaspects.Furthermore,adozenofmeasuresaresupposedtotaketopreventXfrombringingusmoreharm.Basedontheabovediscussions,Icaneasilyforecastthatmoreandmorepeoplewill.,辩论式议论文1.Somepeoplebelieve(argue,recognize,think)that观点1.Butotherpeopletakeanoppositeside.Theyfirmlybelievethat观点2.Asforme,Iagreetotheformer/latteridea.2.Thereareadozenofreasonsbehindmybelief.Firstofall,论据1.Moreimportantly,论据2.Mostimportantofall,论据3.3.Insummary,总结观点.Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表决心.或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat预测.,句式优化,1.短句变长Thiscausesthewhitepollutiontoourenvironment.Plasticbagscannotdisappearbynaturaldecomposition.Soitisveryharmful.,参考：Thiscausesthewhitepollutiontotheenvironment,whichisveryharmfulbecauseplasticbagscannotdisappearbynaturaldecomposition.,2.长句变短SomeeconomistsareinfavoroftheHolidayEconomy,which,theybelieve,hasmanyadvantages,thefirstoneofwhichistourism-basedHolidayEconomywillraiseconsumptionandthereforehelptospurthedomesticdemand.,参考：SomeeconomistsareinfavoroftheHolidayEconomy.Theybelievethatithasmanyadvantages.First,tourism-basedholidayeconomywillraiseconsumptionandthereforehelptospurthedomesticdemand.,3.改“中式英语”1）Therearemanypeoplegoabroadnow.2)Trafficisaseriousproblem,andoneofthereasonsisthatShanghaihasovertenmillionpeople.3)Oldmenlikecalm,whileyoungpeoplelikeactive.4)Althougheveryoneisequaltoopportunity,butnoteveryonecanseizeit.,参考：1）Therearemanypeoplegoingabroad/Manypeoplegoabroadnow.2).oneofthereasonsisthatthereareovertenmillionpeopleinSH.3)Oldmenlikeapeacefullife,whileyoungpeoplepreferanactiveone.4)Although.,noteveryone.,优化下划线部分，使之更形象生动1.IfwearewatchingtoomuchTV,ourreadingabilitywillbeseriouslyaffected.2.Afterwehaveobservedthemcarefullyandanalyzedthemcritically,wemay.3.Itistimeforustoreviseeducationalsystemandthenprovideittooursociety.4.Ifwedontrecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistake.,参考：1.ToomuchexposuretoTVwillexertanegativeeffectonourreadingability.(抽象名词）2.Throughcarefulobservationandcriticalanalysis,wemay.(介词短语、抽象名词）3.Itistimeforustoprovideoursocietywitharevisededucationalsystem.(形容词）4.Failuretorecognizeitsseriousness,thepopulationexplosionwillleadtoenormousdifficulties.(抽象名词）,常用表达,现象：Inrecentyears,wewitnessthefactthat.Weshouldadmitthat.Peopleingrowingnumberarebeginningtorealizethat.Moreandmorepeopleareinclinedto.Withtheamazing/rapiddevelopmentof.,therearisesaheateddebateasto.,原因结果：Therearesomegoodreasonsfor.Amongallthesereasons/factors/causes,.playsanimportantrole.Thechangein.largelyresultsfromthefactthat.Onemaythinkofthetrendasaresultof.Therearemanyfactorsdeciding/influencing.,说明方法、措施Itisanurgentthingtotakeeffectivemeasurestosolvetheproblem.Bydoing.,wecan.Consideringthenegativeeffectsoftheproblem,Ithink,itishightimethatwetookeffectivemeasuresto.Wemustlookforallimmediatemethods,becausethepresentsituationof.,ifpermittedtocontinue,willsurelyleadto.,表示不同Thereisnoconsensusofopinionastotheroleof.Somepeopleclaimthat.whileothersbelievethat.Facedwith.Quiteafewpeoplearguethat.,butotherpeopleconceivedifferently.Whenitcomesto.,peoplehavediametricallyoppositeopinion.,表示比较对照AistoBwhat/asCistoDJustas,.So.Thesameistrueof.AlthoughAenjoysconsiderableadvantagesoverB,itcannotcompetewithBin.Itisonethingto.,itisquiteanotherto.ComparedwithB,Ahasmanyadvantages,便条写作常用句式祝贺ItisthemostjoyfulnewsIhaveheardforalongtime.Iwishyouallpossiblejoyandhappinessintheworld.Iwaspleasantlysurprisedtoreadinthepaperthatyou.Congratulationsonyourpromotion/graduation/success/progress.,Pleaseallowmetocongratulateyouon.Awordofcongratulationsjustdoesntseemenough,soIamsendingyouagift.Wetakethisopportunitytoexpressourbestwishestoyou.Sincerecongratulationsuponyour.Hereisawordofcheeronyour.fromawarmfriend.Congratulationsandallgoodwishestoyou!,通知,Iwritetoinformyouthatwehavefoundyourwallet.Atelegramhasjustcometohandsaying.Allthestudentsareinvitedtoattendthemeetingtobeheldat8amtomorrow.Pleasenotifytheothersconcerned.,安慰,Iwassorrytohearthat.Wewereshockedatthenewsthat.Takeiteasyandyoustillhaveanotherchance.Imveryconcernedaboutyourhealththesedays.Cheerup!Dontbesodepressed!,Knowingyourunusualdeterminationandenergy,weareanticipatingyourspeedyrecovery.Everythinghastwosides.Thinkaboutthepositiveside.Pleaseacceptourdeepestsympathyandconveyourbestwishesto.,道歉,Imwritingtoapologizefor/about.ImsorrythatIhadtocancelourappointmentyesterday.Isincerelyhopethepostponingofourmeetingdidnotbringyoumuchinconvenience.MuchtomyregretthatImaynot.,邀请,ItiswiththegreatestpleasurethatIwritetocordiallyinviteyoutoattendthemeeting.Itgivesmethegreatestpleasuretoinviteyoutovisitthisexhibition.WillyouandMrs.GreengivethepleasureofdinningwithusattheBeijingHotelonSunday,October10th,at8p.m.?,Wewouldbelookingforwardtoyourparticipationintheparty.MyfamilyandIwouldfeelhonoredifyoucouldcome.Iwonderifyoucouldcome.Ireallyhopeyoucanmakeit.Pleaseconfirmyourparticipationatyourearliestconvenience.,感谢,Thankyousomuchfor.Iwarmlyappreciateyourhospitality.Idontknowhowtothankyouforyourkindnesstome.Imwritingtothankyouforthelovelytimewehadatyourparty.Thanksagainforyourcourtesy.,婉拒,Iwouldliketoaccept.,butIcannotdueto.Imwritingtoapologizeforbeingunableto.Anyway,Idoappreciateyourkindnesstodiscussthedetailsoftheissueandgivemetimeforconsideration.IsincerelyhopeandIamsurewewillhavechancetoworktogether.,建议,Iwouldliketosuggestthat./Iamwritingwithmysuggestionabout./Iamwritingtoexpressmyviewsconcerning.Youhaveaskedmeformyadvicewithregardto.andIwilltrytomakesomeconductivesuggestions.IfIwereyou,Iwould.,Asyoumayagreethat.Ihopeyouwillfindthesesuggestions/proposals/recommendationshelpful/practical/use