新标准大学英语四 UNIT5ppt课件

BackgroundinformationThisisfromthebest-selling2008book,WatchingtheEnglishbyKateFox,whoisasocialanthropologistanddirectoroftheSocialIssuesResearchCentreattheUniversityofOxford.ThebookisaculturaldescriptionofEnglishwaysofcommunicating(ontopicsliketheweatherorwhenusingmobilephones)andbehaving(athomeorintheworkplace,wheneating,andinpubs).Sheobservespeoplesbehavior,butalso,asasocialscientist,interviewspeopleandconductssocialexperimentstorevealthesocialrulesorunderlyingcodesandcustoms.,Text,1,Othertopicsinthebookincludedresscodes,waysofshopping,queuing,andtheextractheresocialgossip.Theextracthereisaboutgossip.Togossipisasocialwaytotalkaboutotherpeopleandtheirprivatelivesoraboutthingsthatarenotimportant.Thewriterandotherresearchershavefoundthatwhenpeoplegossiptherearesocialpatternsinthechoiceoftopicandthewayoftalkingaboutit.Thephraseinthetitle,gossiprules,referstotherulesorpatternsthatarefoundinhowpeoplegossip,butitisambiguousandmightmeanthatgossiprulesorgovernsourlives.,Text,2,SexDifferencesinEnglishGossipRules1Contrarytopopularbelief,researchershavefoundthatmengossipjustasmuchaswomen.InoneEnglishstudy,bothsexesdevotedthesameamountofconversationtime(about65percent)tosocialtopicssuchaspersonalrelationships;inanother,thedifferencewasfoundtobequitesmall,withgossipaccountingfor55percentofmaleconversationtimeand67percentoffemaletime.Assportandleisurehavebeenshowntooccupyabout10percentofconversationtime,discussionoffootballcouldwellaccountforthedifference.,Text,3,2Menwerecertainlyfoundtobenomorelikelythanwomentodiscussimportantorhighbrowsubjectssuchaspolitics,work,artandculturalmattersexcept(andthiswasastrikingdifference)whenwomenwerepresent.Ontheirown,mengossip,withnomorethanfivepercentofconversationtimedevotedtonon-socialsubjectssuchasworkorpolitics.Itisonlyinmixed-sexgroups,wheretherearewomentoimpress,thattheproportionofmaleconversationtimedevotedtothesemorehighbrowsubjectsincreasesdramatically,tobetween15and20percent.,Text,4,3Infact,recentresearchhasrevealedonlyonesignificantdifference,intermsofcontent,betweenmaleandfemalegossip:Menspendmuchmoretimetalkingaboutthemselves.Ofthetotaltimedevotedtoconversationaboutsocialrelationships,menspendtwothirdstalkingabouttheirownrelationships,whilewomenonlytalkaboutthemselvesonethirdofthetime.,Text,5,4Despitethesefindings,themythisstillwidelybelieved,particularlyamongmales,thatmenspendtheirconversationssolvingtheworldsproblems,whilethewomenfolkgossipinthekitchen.Inmyfocusgroupsandinterviews,mostEnglishmalesinitiallyclaimedthattheydidnotgossip,whilemostofthefemalereadilyadmittedthattheydid.Onfurtherquestioning,however,thedifferenceturnedouttobemoreamatterofsemanticsthanpractice:Whatthewomenwerehappytocallgossip,themendefinedasexchanginginformation.,Text,6,5Clearly,thereisastigmaattachedtogossipamongEnglishmales,anunwrittenruletotheeffectthat,evenifwhatoneisdoingisgossiping,itshouldbecalledsomethingelse.Perhapsevenmoreimportant:Itshouldsoundlikesomethingelse.Inmygossipresearch,Ifoundthatthemaindifferencebetweenmaleandfemalegossipisthatfemalegossipactuallysoundslikegossip.Thereseemtobethreeprincipalfactorsinvolved:thetonerule,thedetailruleandthefeedbackrule.,Text,7,Thetonerule6TheEnglishwomenIinterviewedallagreedthataparticulartoneofvoicewasconsideredappropriateforgossip.Thegossip-toneshouldbehighandquick,orsometimesastagewhisper,butalwayshighlyanimated.,Text,8,Gossipsgottostartwithsomethinglikequick,high-pitched,excitedtoneOoohGuesswhat?Guesswhat?explainedonewoman,orHey,listen,listenquick,urgentstagewhisperyouknowwhatIheard?Anothertoldme:Youhavetomakeitsoundsurprisingorscandalous,evenwhenitisntreally.Youllgo,Well,donttellanyone,butevenwhenitsnotreallythatbigofasecret.,Text,9,7Manyofthewomencomplainedthatmenfailedtoadoptthecorrecttoneofvoice,recountingitemsofgossipinthesameflat,unemotionalmannerasanyotherpieceofinformation,suchthat,asonewomansniffed,Youcanteventellitsgossip.Which,ofcourse,isexactlytheimpressionthemaleswishtogive.,Text,10,Thedetailrule8Femalesalsostressedtheimportanceofdetailinthetellingofgossip,andagainbemoanedtheshortcomingsofmalesinthismatter,claimingthatmenneverknowthedetails.Menjustdontdothehe-said-she-saidthing,oneinformanttoldme,anditsnogoodunlessyouactuallyknowwhatpeoplesaid.,Text,11,Anothersaid:WomentendtospeculatemoreTheylltalkaboutwhysomeonedidsomething,giveahistorytothesituation.Forwomen,thisdetailedspeculationaboutpossiblemotivesandcauses,requiringanexhaustiverakingoverhistory,isacrucialelementofgossip,asisdetailedspeculationaboutpossibleoutcomes.Englishmalesfindallthisdetailboring,irrelevantand,ofcourse,unmanly.,Text,12,Thefeedbackrule9AmongEnglishwomen,itisunderstoodthattobeagoodgossiprequiresmorethanalivelytoneandattentiontodetail:Youalsoneedagoodaudience,bywhichtheymeanappreciativelistenerswhogiveplentyofappropriatefeedback.Thefeedbackruleoffemalegossiprequiresthatlistenersbeatleastasanimatedandenthusiasticasspeakers.,Text,13,Thereasoningseemstobethatthisisonlypolite;thespeakerhasgonetothetroubleofmakingtheinformationsoundsurprisingandscandalous,sotheleastonecandoistoreciprocatebysoundingsuitablyshocked.Englishmen,accordingtomyfemaleinformant,justdontseemtohavegraspedthisrule.TheydonotunderstandthatYouaresupposedtosayNO!Really?andOhmyGOD!,Text,14,10Myfemaleinformantsagreed,however,thatamanwhodidrespondintheapprovedfemalemannerwouldsoundinappropriatelygirly,orevendisturbinglyeffeminate.EventhegaymalesIinterviewedfeltthattheNO!Really?kindofresponsewouldberegardedasdecidedlycamp.TheunwrittenrulesofEnglishgossipetiquettedoallowmentoexpressshockorsurprisewhentheyhearaparticularlyjuicybitofgossip,butitisunderstoodthatasuitableexpletiveconveyssuchsurpriseinamoreacceptablymasculinefashion.,Text,15,英国人闲聊的性别差异1与普遍的看法相反，研究人员发现：男人和女人一样爱闲聊。英国的一项研究发现：男性和女性谈论诸如人际关系这类社会话题的时间一样多，大约是65%；另一项研究则表明：男人谈话时有55%的时间在闲聊，女人闲聊的时间是67%，两性之间的差异不大。由于体育和休闲大约占10%的说话时间，所以很可能是谈论足球的时间导致了这种性别上的差异。,Text,16,2男人并没有比女人花更多的时间去谈论政治、工作、艺术及文化等“重要”或“高雅”话题，除非女人在场（这就形成了强烈的对比）。女人不在场的时候，男人也闲聊，他们谈论工作或政治等非交际性话题的时间不会超过5%。而男女都在场时，为了引起女人的注意，男人谈论“高雅”话题的时间会大大增加，达到15%至20%。,Text,17,3事实上，最近的研究表明，男人和女人的闲聊内容只存在一个重要的差别：男人会花更多的时间谈论自己。在谈论社会关系的时间中，男人用三分之二的时间谈论自己的关系，而女人谈论自己的时间则只占三分之一。,Text,18,4即便如此，那个关于男人的讨论“解决问题”，而女人只是躲在厨房里闲言碎语的错误观点仍然大行其道，尤其是在男人堆里。在我进行的焦点人群调查及访谈中，大多数英国男性刚开始时都声称他们不说闲话，而大多数女性都坦承自己说闲话。在接下来的提问中，我发现两者的差别只存在于语义层面上而非实践层面上：男性把女性通常所说的“闲聊”定义为“信息交流”。,Text,19,5显然，在英国男性眼里闲聊是一件可耻的事情，这条不成文的规则已经深入人心，因此就算一个人确实是在闲聊，他也会把它说成是另外一回事。或许更重要的是，他也会让它听起来像是一件正经事。在研究中我发现：男女闲聊的主要区别在于女人的闲聊听起来更像闲言碎语。这涉及到三个主要因素语调规则、细节规则和反馈规则。,Text,20,6语调规则我采访过的英国女性都认为只有某种特别的语调适合于闲聊。闲聊的语调很高，并且语速很快，有时像故意让大家都能听见的悄悄话，但总是活灵活现的。,Text,21,一位女士这样解释：“闲聊一般是这样开始的：哎，你猜猜怎么着？你知道吗？（快速的、高声调的、兴奋的语气）或者，嗨，听我说，听我说（快速、急切的语气，故意让大家都听得到），你猜我听到了什么？”另一位女士告诉我：“即使实际上并不是那么回事儿，你也必须让它听起来像令人吃惊的事或者像丑闻。虽然那根本算不上什么秘密，你也可以说：哎，你可别告诉别人，我听说”,Text,22,7很多女性抱怨男人闲聊时没有使用正确的语调，而是像交流任何其他信息一样，语气平淡、一成不变。一位妇女对此嗤之以鼻：“你简直搞不清他们是不是在闲聊。”但这正是男人想要的效果。,Text,23,8细节规则女人也强调闲聊时细节很重要，并且再一次抱怨男人在这方面的不足。她们声称男人“从不了解细节。”一位被调查者告诉我：“男人从不引述别人的话。如果我们不能确切地知道别人说了什么，那有什么意思呢？”,Text,24,另一位被调查者说：“女人比男人更倾向于推测她们谈及某人为什么会做某事，并追溯整件事情的历史。”对女人而言，周密地推测动机和原因与周密地推测可能的后果一样是闲聊的关键因素，这要求对“过去”进行仔细的梳理。英国男人认为：所有这些细节都很乏味、无关紧要，当然，讲出来也就有损男子气概。,Text,25,9反馈规则在英国女性中存在一种共识：“地道的闲聊”除了语调生动、关注细节之外，还需要有好的听众。所谓好的听众是指对闲聊的内容表示认同，并给予大量恰当反馈的听众。女性的闲聊反馈规则要求听众至少应该和说话者一样活跃、充满热情。,Text,26,她们认为这样才足够礼貌，因为说话人要把事情讲得出人意料，讲得像丑闻，还是颇费心力的。因此听众至少要表现出适度的吃惊才能回报说话人的努力。据我的女性被调查者说，英国男人好像完全没有掌握这条规则。他们不知道“你应该说不会吧！真的吗？或者噢，我的上帝！”,Text,27,10不过，我的女性被调查者也同意，那些以女性方式做出反应的男人听起来像小女孩，或者女里女气，让人感觉不舒服。我采访过的一位男同性恋者也觉得“不会吧！真的吗？”之类的反应会被认为是十足的“娘娘腔”。英国人闲聊礼仪的不成文的规则的确允许男人在听到特别有趣的闲话时表达震惊与惊讶，只不过，人们认为一句恰当的脏话能以一种更具男子气概的方式传递这种惊讶。,Text,28,Wordsscholarlyorrarefiedintaste文化修养高的；博学的；趣味高雅的e.g.1.Theyonlyattendhighbroweventssuchastheballetortheopera.他们只参加高雅活动，例如观看芭蕾舞或歌剧。2.Operahasdevelopedareputationasacultivated,highbrowsortofentertainment.歌剧作为一种体现文明与修养的娱乐形式声名远扬。,Wordshighinpitchorfrequency声调高的；尖声的e.g.1.Dogsusuallyusehigh-pitchedbarkswhentheyareseparatedfromtheirownersandalower,harsherbarkwhenstrangersapproachorthedoorbellrings,accordingtoananimalbehavioristattheuniversity.该大学一位动物行为主义学者认为，当狗和主人分离时，通常它们的叫声会尖锐；反之，一旦发现有陌生人接近或者门铃响起时，它们则会发出一种更低沉、更刺耳的狂吠声。2.Thewordsslicedthroughtheroominahigh-pitchedvoiceandeveryonestoppedwhattheyweredoing.高亢锐利的说话声划过房间的上空，每个人都停下手头的工作。,Wordsusedinanegativewayforshowingthatsomeonesrealreasonsfordoingsth.arenottheonesthattheytellotherpeople缘由；动机e.g.1.Greedwashisonlymotiveforstealing.贪婪是他盗窃的唯一动机。2.Thepolicecouldnotfindamotiveforthemurder.警察不能找到谋杀的动机。3.Howdoyouexplainthemotivesbehindhisactions?你怎么解释他的行为是出于什么动机？,Wordsincludingeverypossibleelement彻底的；完全的e.g.1.Anexhaustiveinvestigationofthefactsprovesthecontrary.彻底地调查事实后发现情况正好相反。2.Althoughcriminologistshaveconductedexhaustiveresearchregardingthesubject,littleevidenceexiststosupporttheclaim.虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的研究，几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。,Wordssilencewouldteachhimthejoysofsound.黑暗会使他更珍惜视力，寂静会教导他享受声音。Wordfamily：appreciatev.appreciationn.,Wordsjuicystoriesareslightlyshockingbutinterestingorfuntolistento（工作或活动）有乐趣的；（故事）有趣的，刺激的e.g.1.Hegetsallthejuicyjobs.他把有趣的活儿都揽去了。2.ManyofuswillnodoubtstillrememberthejuicydetailsonPresidentBillClintonsaffairintheAmericanmedia.我们很多人无疑还记得美国报纸对克林顿总统丑闻做出的很多详尽报道。,Words&Phrases,64,expletiven.C(fml)arudewordthatyouusewhenyouareangry,annoyed,orupsetthatmightoffendsomepeople秽语；骂人话e.g.1.Thestationbleepedouttheexpletivesfromthetapedinterview.电台把采访录音中骂人的话抹掉了。2.Heutteredseveralvigorousexpletiveswhenhedroppedtheirononhisfoot.他的熨斗掉下砸在脚上，他骂了几句难听的脏话。,Words&Phrases,65,acceptablyad.inanacceptable(butnotoutstanding)manner合意地；令人满意地e.g.IdontthinkIamapersonabletodoavarietyofdifferentjobsacceptablywell.我认为我不是一个可以令人满意地做好各种不同工作的人。Wordfamily:acceptablea.acceptv.,Words&Phrases,66,masculinea.withqualitiesthoughttobetypicalofmen男子气概的；男子汉的e.g.1.AyearagosomeArabiccountrieslaunchedacampaignagainstmasculinewomen.一年以前，一些阿拉伯国家曾发起一项旨在对抗“男性气概女子”的运动。2.Ournewteacherisayoungman,outstandinglyhandsomeandrobust,verymasculine.我们的新老师是个小伙子，非常英俊、强健，特别具有男子汉的气质。,Words&Phrases,67,totheeffectthat:usedforshowingthatyouaregivingageneralideaofwhatsomeonesaidinsteadoftheiractualwords大意是；大致是e.g.1.Hemadesomecommentstotheeffectthatmyessaywasalittlelightonanalysis.他作了一些评论，大意是我的文章分析不够深刻。2.Hemakesadeclarationtotheeffectthathewillsoonresign.他发表一项声明，大意是他很快就要辞职。,Words&Phrases,68,Assportandleisurehavebeenshowntooccupyabout10percentofconversationtime,discussionoffootballcouldwellaccountforthedifference.Researchershavefoundthatmenspendabout10percentoftheirconversationtimetalkingaboutsportandleisure,thereforethesmalldifferencebetweenmenandwomeningossiptimemengossipabout12percentlessthanwomencanbeexplainedbythetimespentondiscussingfootball,whichwomenarelesslikelytotalkabout,andwhichdoesnotcountasgossip.由于体育和休闲大约占10%的说话时间，所以很可能是谈论足球的时间导致了这种性别上的差异。,LanguagePoints,翻译：,69,Onfurtherquestioning,however,thedifferenceturnedouttobemoreamatterofsemanticsthanpractice:Whatthewomenwerehappytocall“gossip”,themendefinedas“exchanginginformation”.Thesentencemeansthat