浅谈英语阅读理解中推理题的分类与解题技巧.docx

浅谈英语阅读理解中推理题的分类与解题技巧作者：佚名 文章来源：jks点击数：1374 更新时间：2012-6-5 15:15:49英语组于海荣摘要阅读理解题目在英语试卷中占有十分重要的位置，比重之大往往决定其考试的成败。阅读理解题目主要分为事实细节题、主旨大意题、猜测词义题和推理判断题四大类，这四类中应属推理判断题解起来最有难度，因为这类试题对学生的要求更高，它不仅要求考生读懂文章，还要求考生要读透文章，并结合自己的一些课外知识方能做出准确的判断。本文就这一问题出发，展开讨论，对推理题进行了分类并归纳了一些解题技巧。关键词数字推理细节推理事实推理逻辑关系推理观点态度推理阅读理解题目在英语试卷中占有十分重要的位置，比重之大往往决定其考试的成败。在英语试卷所设的所有考题项目中，阅读理解最能体现学生的综合技能，因为它要求学生不仅要有非常扎实的语法、句法基本功，又要求学生要有丰富的背景知识及逻辑推理能力。阅读理解题目主要分为事实细节题、主旨大意题、猜测词义题和推理判断题四大类，这四类中应属推理判断题解起来最有难度，因为这类试题对学生的要求更高，它不仅要求考生读懂文章，还要求考生要读透文章，并结合自己的一些课外知识方能做出准确的判断。推理判断题的提问方式主要分为以下几种：1.What can be inferred/ concluded from the passage ?2.What do you think would happen at the end of the story?3.The passage is intended to 4.The authors attitude towards is.5.The writers purpose in writing this story is.6.When the writer talks about ., what the writer really means is 7.What does the last/first/ sentence of the passage imply?8.It can be learned from the text that9.The underlined words “” in the last/ first/ paragraph refer to10.The story suggests(暗示)that _ .11.We can conclude(得出结论)from the passage that _ .12.Which of the following might happen later ?13.From the passage we can tell / learn _ .14.The writer of the passage considers it _ .15.Which of the following indicates / implies_?推理判断题主要分为以下几种类型：一针对细节和事实的逻辑推理相比而言，这类推理题在所有的推理题中是最为简单的，因为只要读懂涉及到题目的那一段文字，题目便可迎刃而解。1.简单的数字推理题这类题目只要进行简单的数字运算，就可以得出正确的结论，这类题目主要是计算价格、年代、年龄、数量等。例如：For20 this railcard allows you to take a second adult and up to 4 children foronly3 each when you buy single or return tickets.You can travel as often as you like until the card becomes out of date.Q:A man bought himself a ticket of15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard.，How much did he pay?(1999，全国卷，C)A.44B.29C.24D.15这道题目只要进行15+3*3这一简单的运算，就课得出结论为$24，答案为C。再如：Remember that the best time to take a nap is about eight hours after you get up.Q: If you get up at 6:30 am, what is the best time for you to take a nap?（2008,天津，E）A. About 12:30B. About 1:30C. About 2:30D. About 3:30这道题更简单，只要做一个简单的加法6:30加上8小时，就可得出结论为C。2.细节推理题这类题目主要是推断文章出处、事发地点、人物关系等。例如：Tokyo：Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in ten minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire（蓝宝石）worth nearly six hundred dollars at a Japanese exhibition of jewels sent from an Indian museum. “Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but its different this time because the jewels are being exhibitedat a hotel,” a police official said.Q: The jewels was being shown in _(1994，全国卷，A)A. an Indian hotelB. an Indian museumC. a Japanese hotelD. a Japanese museum此题中只要注意了这一段中的第一个单词Tokyo和最后一句:”its different this time because the jewels are being exhibited at a hotel,” a police official said.”就可以轻松得出正确答案为C。再如：Four passengers were killed and 39 others injured early Sunday after a bus traveling south on Beijing-Zhuhai Freeway broke through a guardrail and fell off a cliff. Traffic police inShaoguanCity, southChinasGuangdongProvince, said the bus carried 43 passengers. It set off from Nanyang, a city in centralChinasHenanProvince, at10 a.m. Saturday headed for Dongguan inGuangdong. All the passengers were residents fromZhenpingCountyinNanyangCity. The accident happened around 3:46 a.m. Sunday when the driver attempted to avoid hitting an unidentified object in front of the bus.You can click the linkand watch the video to know more about the accident.Q: Where is this passage taken from?A. NewspaperB. MagazineC. WebsiteD. TV news此题中只要注意文中的最后一句话:“You can click the link and watch the video to know more about the accident.”就可得出正确答案为C。3.事实推理题再解此类推理题时要牢记：推理=事实+逻辑。也就是说，在解此类题目时，不能选文中直接陈述的选项，更不能评自己主观臆断进行选择。例如：SUNDAY, November 14DISCO Satin Sounds Disco, free at The Lord Napier, Mort Lake High Street, from8 a. m. to 8 p. m.FOLK MUSIC at TheDerbyArms.The Short Stuff and residents the Norman Chop Trio. Non-remembers 70p. Tel: 6884626.HEAVY MUSIC with Tony Simon at The Bull,Upper Richmond Road West, East Sheen.THE DERBY ARMS,Upper Richmond Road West, give you Joe on the electric accordion.Q: You want to spend the same day at two different places and dont want to cross any street. Which of the following is your best choice?A. The sing-along at the Black Horse and Jazz at The Bulls Head.B. The sing-along at The Black Horse and Folk Music at The Derby Arms.C. Folk Music at TheDerbyArms and Heavy Music with Tony Simon at The Bull.D. Musical Hal lat The StarGarter and Disco at The Lord Napier.通过文中划线的三句话，找出它们的交集，可知答案为C。再如：Humans have a very varied diet.We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us.In countries such asFranceandBritain, peopleeat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health.Eating too much red meat and animal products,such as butter, can alsobe bad for the health.Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modem life.Q: We can learn from the paragraph that_.（2007，辽宁卷，B）A. food is chosen for a good reasonB. French and British food is goodC. some people have few choices of foodD. some people care little about healthy diet通过文中第二句话:“We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us.”，可知答案为D。通过以上几个例子，可见在解此类题型时，针对细节和事实的逻辑推理，我们需注意以下几句话：全文搜索、细查勿漏、准确理解、简单计算、依据事实、理清关系。二针对上下文之间逻辑关系的推断一篇结构严谨的短文，句子或段落之间都有一定的语义逻辑关系。因此，阅读时，只理解个别句子的意思是不够的。要能体会上下文之间的逻辑关系。逻辑关系主要分为以下几种：因果关系：for, since, because of, that is why, so, therefore对比关系: whereas, unlike, instead, otherwise, however, nevertheless, on the contrary让步关系：although, even though, despite, after all概括关系：finally, generally, in a word, in conclusion, in short强调关系：indeed, above all, surely, most important补充说明关系：in fact, as a matter of fact, in addition, in this case, furthermore上下文之间的逻辑关系又分为以下几种：1.利用句子之间承接与转换关系推断。例如：Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them make me lose my delight in dreams.Most people do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an annoying little habit, like sneezing (打喷嚏). I can never understand this. My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it,but to me it is important.Q: What is the authors attitude toward dreaming? (英语阅读理解100篇-7，中国英语网)A. He likes itB. He thinks it puzzling.C. He used to like itD. He dislikes it通过文中的最后一句话:“but to me it is important.”这一转折句可知作者对于梦的态度应是喜欢的，也就是正确答案应该选C。2.利用段落的衔接与过渡词推断。例如：We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions (情感) towards other people: love and its opposite, hate.Love can be seen everywhere. Yet surprisingly, love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions, such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold. First, love is a very complex (复杂的) emotion, difficult to describe and measure. Secondly, unlike many extreme emotions, extreme love is generally not a problem; thus less medical attention has been paid to it.Q: In the previous passage, the author has probably been discussing _.A. the two most important human emotions-love and hateB. some emotions that are only produced by animalsC. some other sets of human emotions than of love and hateD. none of the above文章的开头虽然是在讲“爱”和“恨”，但接下来话锋一转就讲到除了它们之外的其它情感，所文章的主题为C。3.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest.Sleep is necessary for good health.During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.Q: The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _.（2003，安徽春季，D）A. suffer from poor healthB. feel tired and nervousC. dream more oftenD. breathe quickly这篇就是一个典型的利用文中特定信息进行正向推理的一个例子，通过划线那句话可推知C为正确选项。通过以上几种类型，我们可总结出在解这类推理题中要牢记以下几句话：“弦外之音、逻辑分析、防止主观、直接陈述、未经推理、必然为错、过渡引申、与文无关、意在干扰。”三针对作者观点和态度的推断有时作者先介绍了某一种观点，却接着在后面提出了相反的观点，因此，要正确判断作者的态度或观点，必须将上下文联系起来看，要注意文章中所陈述的内容并非都代表了作者的观点。常见题型有：1. Whats the authors main point?2. The author seems to agree that_3. In the authors opinion,_4. According to the author,_5. This authors attitude towards . can best be described as_6. The authors main purpose in writing this paragraph is to_.7. The tone of this passage is best described as_常用的表达作者观点的词汇有：approving赞成的；negative否定的，反对的；critical批评的；questioning质问的；neutral中立的；suspicious怀疑的；doubtful不敢肯定的；indifferent不感兴趣的；worried担忧的；depressed沮丧的；persuasive说服人的；interested感兴趣的；impressed有深刻印象的；hostile敌对的；factual实事求是的；subjective主观的；objective客观的；confident有信心的；optimistic乐观的解题注意点：1.注意作者使用对比的写作手法Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point.Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic processthat encourages everyone to have a say.“My parents were on the before side of that change, buttodays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on theafter side,”explains Mr. Ballmer. “Its not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.”Q:By saying “todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents _.(2008，广东，A)A. follow the trend of the changeB. can set a limit to the changeC. fail to take the change seriouslyD. have little difficulty adjusting to the change根据原文可知，父母们的趋势是变得越来越开明，所以答案为A。2.注意仔细琢磨作者表达情感及对某事的态度的用词方式。肯定：certainly, no doubt, surely,不太肯定：possibly，maybe, it is said that情感色彩：great, terrific, wonderfully, sadly, shame例如：We must not forget, either, that advertising makes apositivecontribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we payso littlefor our daily paper, or can enjoyso manybroadcast programmers is dueentirelyto the money spent by advertisers.Just thinkwhat a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!Q: The attitude of the author toward advertisers is _.（PETS一级阅读训练（1）A.appreciative.B.trustworthy. C.critical.D.dissatisfactory.通过以上划线单词，可知在这里，作者的态度是赞同的，也就是A为正确答案。3.注意作者使用反语有时，作者会用反话来表达强烈的感情。例如：I found in my babys behavior a metaphor for the new generation. My wife and I had given him some books to examine，but he merelyspit upon them. When we read to him，hedid not feel comfortable.And so it is in the schools. We find that our students dont read andlook down upon reading and even scold those of us who teach it.All they want to do is watch TV. Therefore, I have reached aconclusion:“Let them watch it!” If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight it? Let them watch all they want!Q: What do you think is the authors attitude towards TV?A. Curious.B. Worried. C. UnfavorableD. Favorable.此题中作者在结尾处明显使用了反话，所以作者对孩子们看电视应是持有不赞同的态度，可见答案为C。4.注意作者下的结论例如：Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder，bribery（行贿），and deathFrankly，Im sick of all this bad newsQ: This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _AcomplainBapologizeCamuseDinform作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪（对坏新闻厌恶透了），通过“be sick of”这一短语，我们可知作者的态度应是A。再如：No one should be forced to wear a uniform. Uniforms are totally unnecessaryin a democratic society. Uniform tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual, that is, the individual in a uniformloses self-worth.There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a sense of identification with a more important concept. But in fact, the individual himself is the most important, if an organization is so weak that it must rely on the uniform to inspire its members, that organization has not right to continue its existence.On the other hand,uniforms also hurt the economy. (英语六级模拟试卷(29)Q: The authors ma