Planting Design Through the Ages(改).ppt

PlantingDesignThroughtheAges,姓名：袁喆学号：2011241002专业：园林植物与观赏园艺,Theselectionandarrangementoftrees,shrubsandotherplantsinalandscapecanbeconsideredasthedetailingofthelandscapedesign,althoughadesignphilosophywhichconsidersthelayout（设计）ofthelandscapetogetherwiththeplants,hardsurfacesandartifactsasoneexercise（专项工作）isregardedtodayastherightwaytoproceed.,Itisdifficulttoseparateplantingdesignfromlandscapedesign,butthereareexamplesinthepast,andindeedtoday,inwhichitisclearthattheplantsweretogrowinamannerunliketheirnaturalhabitatafterthelandscapedesignhadbeenfinalized,andthuswereselectedasalaterandseparateexercise.Thelayoutoftheselandscapedesignsmayhavesurvived,buttheplantingwillhavechangedmanytimesthroughageandfashion。,Fourmajorplantingforms,FormalPlantingTheIndividualPlantTheGreenLandscapeNaturalPlanting,FormalPlanting,Briefintroduction:,Theevidenceaboutplantingthatisavailablefromancienttimessuggeststhatplantswereusedtodefineandhighlightformalpatterns,particularlybytherepetitionofonespeciesatequalintervals.,InthedaysofAncientRome:Theartoftopiary(绿雕塑)carriedthisapproachtoplantingtothestagewherelandscapedesignbecameaformofbuildingdesign.AndtheRomanswereinterestedinplantswhichproduceeasily-visibleflowers(易开花植物).IntheageofHumanism(人文主义)inEurope:Thenewliberalism(自由主义)wasreflectedinalesscontrived(人为的)approachtoplanting.,Formalplantingindifferentperiod:,Duringthe15thcentury:Thereisevidenceofaninterestinwildflowersbeingallowedandencouragedtogrowingrassedareas,andofevergreenHolmoak(Quercusilex)（圣栎）woodlandsbeingacceptedaspartofa“designed”landscape.Soon,theplantingchangedwiththeselectionofasinglespeciestobeusedforfillingaspaceinapattern(模式).,TakeItalyforexample,Inthe17thcentury:Thepattern,orparterreasitisbetterknown,wasmoreoftendefinedbybox(Buxussempervirens)edging.WhileinFrancetheparterredominatedlargeareasofthelandscape,inItalyitwasusuallysurroundedbywoodlandwithaninformalsilhouette(外形、轮廓)createdbycypresses(Cupressusspp.)andpines(Pinusspp.).,TakeItalyforexample,IntheRenaissance(文艺复兴时期):Someotherdevelopmentsinplantingweretheuseoffruittreesforvisualeffectaswellastoproducefruit,andplantsinpotsandtubswereusedingardensasthoughtheywereworksofsculpture（雕塑）.,TakeItalyforexample,Thecypressavenuewasanotherformofplantinganddirectedattentiontoaviewbeyondthegardenortosomefeatureinthegarden,andtoacertainextentreducedthestrongvisualeffectofplantingarrangedtoformapattern.,Example:AvillainthemanneroftheoldItalianmastersbyaDallaslandscapearchitecturefirm,Time:in1999Address:AttheJonesresidenceintheritzyHighlandParkareaofDallas.Designer:PaulFieldsCompany:LambertLandscapeCompanydesignphilosophy:TheGreenresidence,TheGreenresidenceIncludesfeaturesofatypicalLambertsclassicaldesign:axialrelationshipsandgeometricspaces,richmaterialsandcarefuldetailing.Aparapetwallandarbor,combinestone,wood,andmetalinareinterpretationorItaliandesign.,Design,Design,Masterplan,Entrance,TheTuscan-inspiredentrydriveattheGreenresidencefeaturescustommetalgates,realcobblestone(鹅卵石)paving,andcustomterracottaolivejarsfromItaly.InsideaperimeterscreenofOphiopogon(沿阶草),tightlyclippedboxwood,andholly(冬青)isasmallcobblestonevehicularentrycourt.,ThereisacarefulaxialrelationshipattheGreenresidencethatlinkstheobeliskfountain,thefountaininthefaceofthepamperwall,thecenterofthearborabove,and,beyond,anantiquewishing;wellinthecenterofacircularsecretgardenatthefarendofthesite.,Fountain,Garden,Aseriesoflowstonestairsinterspersed（用点缀着）withgrassleadsupwardtoabroadlawnflankedbyboxwoodparterres.Amassiveredoak,carefullyprotectedduringconstructionofthelandscape,risesatthecenter.,Lambertsplantingdesigntypicallyincludeslargeoverstorytreesandtightlyclippedboxwoodhedges,suchasattheJonesresidence.ThereisalotofturfgrassinLambertsdesigns,butatTheGreenresidencetheentireentrywayiscoveredwithdrought-tolerantbuffalograss.,Plant,TheIndividualPlant,TheevidencefromthegardenlandscapesoftheFarEastdisclosesaninterestinplantingdesigninthevisualeffectofoneplantinrelationtoanotherplant,comparedwiththeemphasisonarrangingplantstoaccordwithapattern,whichhappenedintheEuropeancivilizations.,Briefintroduction:,Thepreponderance(优势)ofconifers(针叶树)andbroad-leavedevergreensinthegardensoftheFarEastdemonstratedaconcernfortheWintereffect,andalsoforthesubtlety(微妙)ofthetexturaleffectsoftheleavesandforthegentlemodulation(韵律的，和谐的运用)ofgreencolorstowardsyellowandblue.,Briefintroduction:,TheindividualplantintheFarEast:,themajorconsideration:thecontrastsbetweentheformofthevariousplantsandthehabitorlineeffects.forexample,atwisted(盘旋的)andrugged（粗糙的）pinetreewhichhadbeenplantedneartoaspreadingcherry(Prunusspp.)oraweepingwillow(e.g.Salixmatsudana“Pendula”).,Seekafter:short-livedseasonaleffectsofstrongvisualcontrast.Suchas:treeslikethelilacs(Syringaspp.),laburnum(Laburnumspp.),almond(Prunusdulcis)andpeach(e.g.Prunuspersica)wereplantedforSpringeffect,andmaples(Acerpalmatumandrufinerve)forAutumneffect.,TheIndividualPlant,Example:FourBoxesGarden,Introduction:ThenamingoftheFourBoxesGarden(SiHeYuan)inXianChinacomesfromtheFourBoxesCourtyard(SiHeYuan).ItwasdesignedbyWangXiangrong,accordingtothepoeticqualityofgardenspace.Thegardencovers1012sqmeters,whichisdividedintofoursmallergardens,symbolizingacycleofseasons.,Introduction:,WangXiangrongattempttoadoptsomeindigenous(本土的)materialsandusesimpledesignlanguagetodevelopagarden.Itisbuiltonasmallpatchoflandbuthasunpredictable(不可预知的)space.Thegardenhasthereincarnation(轮回)offourseasonswhichattractspeopletoexperienceandperceive.PeoplecanfeelthedeeppoeticqualityandspacedelightofChinesegardenduringtheirwanderingandmeditation.,SpringBox,SummerBox,AutumnBox,WhiterBox,Atthesouthofthegardenaretwoentranceswhosewoodendoorscanbeopenedandclosed.Walkingintothemainentranceisthe“SpringBox”whichisconstructedbywhitewallandstone.AftergoingacrossasmallbridgeisthecenteroftheBox.Peoplecanenjoythesceneryofthemaincourtyardandthevigorousbamboosthroughthedoorsandwindowsinthewallwhentheysitonthebench.,SpringBox,“SummerBox”isawoodenpergolacabincoveredwithgrapes.ItlookslikeafarmyardinnorthwestofChina.Thepergolasrevealstronglightingeffectsanddramatictransparentsightexperienceowingtodifferentwoodlappingapproaches,SummerBox,“AutumnBox”isbuiltwithstone.Thegroundinsideis1mhigherthanthatofthecentralcourtyard.Someframesareformedbysquarewindowholesinthewall,throughwhichpeoplecanseebeautifulsceneryinsideandoutsidethegardenindifferentdirectionsivies(爬山虎)creepingoverit.,AutumnBox,Thefinaloneisbrick-constructed“WinterBox”.The“WinterBox”iswhite-sand-groundedbothinsideandoutside,simulating(模拟)thewintersnow.Inthe“WinterBox”,oneonthebenchisabletoviewthemaincourtyardscene.ThebamboogrovearoundSpringBoxalsocanbeseenthroughtheholesofbrickwall.Peoplecaneitherstepoutofthegardenorre-enterthe“SpringBox”tostartanothercycleoffourseasons.,WinterBox,ManyChinesehistoricalgardensdemonstratethesamephilosophicalthought,i.e.thepursuitofnatureandharmonyandtheidealofcreatingparadiseonasmallplot.Thisisstillaworthyideatoday.,Epilogue,TheGreenLandscape,EnglishSchoolofLandscapeinthe18thcentury:,Plantsinthesenseofindividualswerereplacedbyaverylimitedrangeoftreespeciesingroupsandbelts.Grassedparkswithdeciduous(落叶的)trees,whosepotentialmonotonywasavoidedbytopographicalvarietyandlakesandstreams,werethemainelementsofthelandscapedesign.,Hydepark,Someinnovationsinplanting:TimeEvent,Inthemiddleofthe17thcenturyIntheearlyofthe18thcenturyInthemiddleofthe18thcentury,theCedarofLebanon(黎巴嫩雪松)(Cedruslibani)andtheevergreenHolmoakaretwograndspecimentreesthatwereknowninBritain.the6thEarlofHaddington,expressedaninterestinfloweringtreesandshrubs,andintheyellowstemmedwillows(Salixalba“Vitellina”)(金丝垂柳)TheHon.CharlesHamiltonatPainshillinSurreyBritainincontrasttoCapabilityBrownsfamiliarmannerofplantingasmanyas100000treesononeestate,usingmostlyoneortwospecies,suchasbeech(Fagussylvatica),oak(Quercusspp.)orpine.,EnglishSchoolofLandscapeinthe18thcentury:,WhilethepractitionersoftheEnglishSchoolofLandscapewereusingalimitedrangeofplantspecies,afewbotanicalgardensand,ofcourse,thetraditionalcottagegardencontainedawiderrange.theimportationofexotics(外来的)intoBritainfromabroadhadcommenced,especiallyfromNorthAmerica.,Bytheendofthefirstquarterofthe18thcentury:,EventmoreinterestingtoplantingdesignwaslaidoutintherecordofDr.JohnFothergillsgardenatUptonHouse,becausethisincludedawildareainwhichhardyexoticssuccessfullynaturalized(移植).thecollectionatWhitton,nearHounslow,listed342differentplantspecies.theRoyalgardenatKewhadover3000differentspecies.theRoyalgardenatKewwithaprecisefigureof5535.,Bytheendofthefirstquarterofthe18thcentury:,TimeIn1762In1765In1768In1789,Thelandownersofthe18thcenturyintheruralareaswerenotaloneinthecontributiontheymadetoincreasingtherangeofplantspeciesavailableforplantinglandscapedesigns,becausetheemployers,andtheiremployees,ofthenewmanufacturingindustrieswerealsoactiveinaninterestinplants.inparticular,expensiveplantslikeunusualtulip(郁金香)bulbswereassociatedwiththeemployers,andthehybridizationofvarietiesofauricula(耳状报春花）(Primulaauriculavar.),carnations(Dianthuscaryohpyllusvar.),pinks（石竹花）(Dianthusplumariusvar.)andpolyanthus（西洋樱草）(Primulavulgariselatiorvar.)withtheiremployees.,TheGreenLandscape,Example:PainshillPark,Designtime:between1738and1773Address:nearCobham,Surrey,EnglandArea:158acresDesigner:Hon.CharlesHamiltonOwner:ElmbridgeBoroughCouncilAward:In1998PainshillParkwasawardedtheEuropaNostraMedalfortheExemplaryrestorationfromastateofextremeneglect,ofamostimportant18thcenturylandscapeparkanditsextraordinarybuildings,Introduction:,TheParkstretchesalongthebanksofthewindingRiverMoleonlandthathasanumberofnaturalhillsandvalleys.Thecentralfeatureisaserpentine(蜿蜒的)lakeof14acreswithseveralislandsandspannedbybridgesandacauseway(长堤).ThewaterforthelakeandtheplantingsispumpedfromtheRiverMolebya19thcenturybeamenginepoweredbyawaterwheel.,Thewaterwheel,Hamiltonenhancedtheviewsofhillsandlakebycarefulplantingsofwoods,avenuesandspecimentreestocreatevistas(狭长的景色)andanumberofdiscreetenvironmentswhichincludeanamphitheatre,awatermeadowandanalpinevalley.,ThemainaxisoftheparkstretchesfromtheGothicTemple(inthedistance)totheTurkishTent(behindtheviewer).,Introduction:,AmongtheoriginalplantingsareanumberofimportantspecimensincludingfineexamplesofCorkOak(栓皮栎),Yew(红豆杉),Beech(山毛榉),SilverBirch(白桦树)andthreeCedarsofwhichone,knownastheGreatCedaris120feet(37m)highandover100feet(30m)inwidth,andisthoughttobethelargestCedarofLebanoninEurope.,TheGreatCedar,TheGreatCedar,Sixtiersofevergreenplanting,mixingEuropeanand“exotic”treesandshrubsarearrangedinasemiformalrhythmicpatternwhichremindedSirJohnParnellofanamphitheatrein1763.Thelimitedpaletteofplantsgivestheborderaunityandattentionispaidtotheshapeandgrowthhabitsofeachtreeorshrubinitspositiontokeepthetiering.,Amphitheatre,thelargerofthetwolawnsfollowsthestyledevelopinginthemid-18thcentury,withasoft,serpentinelinetotheborderedges,andalooserplantingstylethanforthemoreformalamphitheatre.Evergreenanddeciduousshrubstendtobeseparatedinthefashionofthetime,buteachsidekeepsthesamesortoftieringshowninothergardenareas.,BeautifulAutumnColours,Summerview,ChineseBridgePeninsula,TheNaturalPlanting,Therangeofplantsusedingardenswasincreased,theinterestofsomepeoplewasconcentratedonaparticularfamilyofplantssuchasRosaspecies,andbooksbyJamesShirleyHibberdpublishedlaterinthe19thcenturyincludedthetitlesTheFern(蕨类植物)Garden(1869)andTheIvy(1872).,Intheearlyofthe19thcentury:,duringthelatterpartofthe19thcentury:,SeveralplantspeciesgroupedinahappyassociationbaseduponNaturespatternsoravisualeffect.WilliamRobinson“thewildwoodlandgarden”GertrudeJekyll“theherbaceousborder”ReginaldFarrer”thealpinegarden”theseparticularexamplesofplantingdesignwerefarremovedfromtheinfluenceofgeometryandbuildingarchitecture,andallowedtheplantingtospeakforitself.,IntheU.S.A.:JensJensen,workingintheChicagoareaoftheU.S.A.from1886,begantousenativeplantsinhislandscapeprojects.Butparticularlyfrom1905hisdesignapproachembracedthenaturalprairie(牧场)landscapeoftheMid-Westasthemodel,althoughhedoesnotseemtohaveusedprairiegrasses.,Theuseofnativeplantsindifferentcountries,LincolnParkConservatory,Theuseofnativeplantsindifferentcountries,JensenwasnotaloneintheuseofnativeplantsintheU.S.A.forW.Miller,O.C.Simonds,andF.L.Olmstedmustalsobegivencreditforthisimportantapproachtoplantingdesignwhichhascometotheforeagainwithanecologicalemphasisfromthemiddleofthepresentcentury.,YellowStonePark,InBrazil:BurleMarx,theBrazilianlandscapearchitect,around1937,whenhecollectedwildplantswhichwouldformcontrolledabstractpatternsonthesurfaceofthegroundinsteadofarrangingtheplantsinmixedassociationsnottoodissimilarfromassociationsinnaturallandscape.,Theuseofnativeplantsindifferentcountries,ParquedelEste,ParquedelEste,Thus,theuseofwildplants,groundcoverplantsinplaceofneatlyweededearth,andthemassplantingofasinglespeciesofshrubaretypicalofplantingdesigntoday.Thereisalsoamoredetailedconcernforvisualinterestoftheindividualplantandinthewayitassociateswithanotherplantinbothanecologicalandvisualsense.,Theuseofnativeplantsindifferentcountries,Example:theNaplesBotanicalGardeninthesouthwestFlorida,Time:from1993to2010Address:ontheedgeofNaples,notfarfromtheGulfofMexico.Area:170acreOwnersrepresentative:RhodesDahl,Charleston,SouthCarolinaLandscapeplanning:ChildrensGarden,FloridaGarden,AsianGarden,BrazilianGarden,CaribbeanGarden.,Inadditiontopreservingandrestoringa90-acrepreserve,thelandscapearchitectsusedpiecesofnativeFloridalandscapetoweavetogethergardenswithplantsfromBrazil,theCaribbean,andAsia.TheChildrensGardenwouldtakeitscuesfromnativeecosystems,andagardenwouldbededicatedtoFloridaplants.,Introduction,Masterplan,TheChildrensGardenisaplacewherethekindoffreedompeoplecanexperiencedasachildcanbesimulated(模仿).Theentireareaisenclosed,soiftheparentshangoutneartheentry,theirchildrencantgetveryfar.Smallspaceswithinthegardenalsohaveclearboundaries,soparentscankeeptrackof(明了)theiryoungchildrenwithouthovering(彷徨).,TheChildrensGarden,BeginjustofftheEntryCourtandwanderdownthetrailthroughtheTropicalHardwoodHammock,fullofnativeFloridaplants.Visitorsmustthroughaseriesofsawpalmettos,interfaced(界面上的)tofarmatunnel(隧道)intothegarden.,TheChildrensGarden,Theentrance,throughtheGumboLimbo(秋葵)groveandshellmounds,tothebeachareasurroundedbyseaoats(海滨燕麦草)andfullofbeachtoysforyourcastle-buildingneeds.,TheChildrensGarden,PastthebeachisourversionoftheEverglades(沼泽地),wheredragonflieshoveroverpickerelweedandanetcrawlallowsyoutopeerintothegrassesbelowtocatchaglimpseofanotherwiseinaccessiblecommunity.Abouncingraftandsteppingstonesletyougetaclose-upviewofthisworldasyoumakeyourwaytotheWaudwaterfallandcave.,TheChildrensGarden,Foranevenbetterviewofthegarden,headtothetwo-storytreehouseinthecenterofthegarden,completewithclimbingplatformsandropebridges.Thisstructuresurroundsamassiveficusfullofallsortsofotherbromeliads(凤梨科植物)andairplants-youllnoticesomethingdifferenteverytimeyouvisit.,TheChildrensGarden,TheCaribbeanGardenisdesignedtogivet