反杜林论PPT(思政英语第一课)

Anti-Duhring反杜林论,FrederickEngels弗里德里希恩格斯,PartI:PhilosophyIX.MoralityandLawEternalTruths(excerpt),ParaOne,If,then,wehavenotmademuchprogresswithtruthanderror,wecanmakeevenlesswithgoodandevil.Thisoppositionmanifestsitselfexclusivelyinthedomainofmorals,thatis,adomainbelongingtothehistoryofmankind,anditispreciselyinthisfieldthatfinalandultimatetruthsaremostsparselysown.(1),Theconceptionsofgoodandevilhavevariedsomuchfromnationtonationandfromagetoagethattheyhaveoftenbeenindirectcontradictontoeachother.butallthesame(2),someonemayobject,goodisnotevilandevilisnotgood,ifgoodisconfusedwithevil,thereisanendtoallmorality,andeveryonecandoashepleases.,Thisisalso,strippedofalloracularphrases,HerrDuhringsopinon.Butthemattercannontbesosimplydisposedof.Ifitweresuchaneasybusinesstherewouldcertainlybenodisputeatallovergoodandevil;everyonewouldknowwhatwasgoodandwhatwasbad.Buthowdothingsstandtoday?3,Whatmoralityispreachedtoustoday?ThereisfirstChristian-feudalmorality,inheritedfromearlierreligioustimes;andthisisdivided,essentially,intoaCatholicandaProtestantmorality,eachofwhichhasnolackofsubdivisions,fromtheJesuit-CatholicandOrthodox-Protestanttoloose“enlightened”moralities.,Alongsidetheesewefindthemodern-bourgeoismoralityandbesideitalsotheproletarianmoralityofthefutrue,sothatinthemostadvancedEuropeancountriesalonethepast,presentandfutureprovidethreegreatgroupsofmoraltheorieswhichareinforce(4)simultaneouslyandalongsideeachother.,Which,then,isthetrueone?Notoneofthem,inthesenseofabsolutefinality;butcertainlythatmoralitycontainsthemaximuelementspromisingpermanencewhich,inthepresent,representstheoverthrowofthepresent,representsthefuture,andthatisproletarianmorality(5).,ParaTwoButwhenweseethatthethreeclassesofmodrensociety,thefeudalaristocracy,thebourgeoisieandtheproletariat,eachhaveamoralityoftheirown,wecanonlydrawoneconclusion:,thatmen,consciouslyorunconsciously,derivetheirethicalideasinthelastresort(6)fromthepraciticalrelationsonwhichtheirclasspositionisbasedFromtheeconomicrelationsinwhichtheycarryonproductionandexchange.,ParaThree,Butneverthelessthereisagreatdealwhichthethreemoraltheoriesmentionedabovehaveincommonisthisnotatleastaportionofamoralitywhichisfixedonceandforall(7)?thesemoraltheoriesrepresentthreedifferentstagesofthesamehistoricaldevelopment,havethereforeacommonhistoricalbackground,andforthatreasonalonetheynecessarilyhavemuchincommon.,Evenmore(8),atsimilarorapproximatelysimilarstagesofeconomicdevelopmentmoraltheoriesmustofnecessitybemoreorlessinagreement.Fromthemomentwhenprivateownershipofmovablepropertydeveloped,allsocietiesinwhichthisprivateownershipexistedhadtohavethismoralinjunctionincommon:Thoushaltnotsteal(9).,Doesthisinjunctiontherebybecomeandeternalmoralinjunction?Bynomeans.Inasocietyinwhichallmotivesforstealinghavebeendoneawaywith(10),inwhichthereforeatverymost(11)onlylunaticswouldeversteal,howthepreacherofmoralswouldbelaughedatwhotriedsolemnlytoproclaimtheeternaltruth:Thoushaltnotsteal(12)!,ParaFour,Wethereforerejecteveryattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogmawhatsoeverasaneternl,ultimateandforeverimmutableethicallawonthepretextthat(13)themoralworld,too,hasitspermanentprincipleswhichstandabovehistoryandthedifferencesbetweennations.,Wemaintainonthecontrarythatallmoraltheorieshavebeenhithertotheproduct,inthelastanalysis,oftheeconomicconditionsofsocietyobtainingatthetime.Andassocietyhashithertomovedinclassantagonisms,moralityhasalwaysbeenclassmorality;ithaseitherjustifiedthedominationandtheinterestsofrulingclass,oreversincetheoppressedclassbecamepowerfulenough,ithasrepresenteditsindignationagainstthisdominationandthefutureinterestsoftheoppressed.,Thatinthisprocesstherehasonthewholebeenprogressinmorality,asinallotherbranchesofhumanknowledge,noonewilldoubt.(14)Butwehavenotyetpassedbeyondclassmorality.Areallyhumanmoralitywhichstandsaboveclasantagonismsandaboveanyrecollectionofthembecomespossibleonlyatastageofsocietywhichhasnotonlyovercomeclassantagonismsbuthasevenforgottentheminpracticallife.,AndnowonecangaugeHerrDuhringspresumptioninadvancinghisclaim,fromthemidstoftheoldclasssocietyandontheeveofasocialrevolution,toimposeonthefutureclasslesssocietyandeternalmoralityindependentoftimeandchangesinreality.(15)Evenassumingwhatwedonotknowuptonowthatheunderstandsthestructureofthesocietyofthefutureatleastinitsmainoutlines.,X.MoralityandLawEquality(excerpt),ParaOne,ButeventhoughwehavefinishedwithHerrDuhringssshallow,botchedtreatmentoftheideaofequality,thisdoesnotmeanthatwehavefinishedwiththeideaitself,whichespeciallythankstoRousseau(16法国卢梭)playedatheoretical,andduringandsincethegreatrevolutionapracticalpoliticalrole,andeventodaystillplaysanimportantagitationalroleinthesocialistmovementofalmosteverycountry.Theestablishmentofitsscientificcontentwillalsodetermineitsvalueforproletarianagitation.,ParaTwo,Theideathatallmen,asmen,havesomethingincommon,andthattothatextenttheyareequal,isofcourseprimeval.Butthemoderndemandforequalityissomethingentirelydifferentfromthat;thisconssistsratherindeducingfromthatcommonqualityofbeinghuman,fromthatequalityofmenasmen,aclaimtoequalpoliticalandsocialstatusforallhumanbeings,oratleastforallitizensofastateorallmembersofaociety.,Beforethatoriginalconceptionofrelativeequalitycouldleadtotheconclusionthatmenshouldhaveequalrightsinthestateandinsociety,beforethatconclusioncouldevenappeartobesomethingnaturalandself-evident,thousandsofyearshadtopassanddidpass.(17),Inthemostancient,primitivecommunities,equalityofrightscouldapplyatmosttomembersofthecommunity;women,slavesandforeignerswereexcludedfromthisequalityasamatterofcourse.AmongtheGreeksandRomanstheinequlitiesofmenwereofmuchgreaterimportancethattheirequlityinanyrespect.,ItwouldnecessarilyhaveseemedinsanitytotheancientsthatGreeksandbarbarians,freemenandslaves,citizensandperegrines,RomancitizensandRomansubjects(touseacomprehensiveterm(18),shouldhaveaclaimtoequalpoliticalstatus.,UndertheRomanEmpireallthesedistinctionsgraduallydisappeared,exceptthedisctinctionbetweenfreemenandslaves,andinthiswaytherearose,forthefreemenatleast,thatequlityasbetweenprivateindividualsonthebasisofwhichRomanlawdeveloped(19)themostcompleteelaborationoflawbasdonprivatepropertywhichweknow.,Butsolongastheantithesisbetweenfreemenandslavesexisted,therecouldbenotalkofdrawinglegalconclusionsfromgeneralequalityofmen;wesawthisevenrecently,intheslave-owningstatesoftheNorthAmericalUnion.,ParaThree,Christianityknewonlyonepointinwhichallmenwereequal:thatallwereequallyborninoriginalsinwhichcorrespondedperfectlytoitscharacterasthereligionoftheslavesandtheoppressed(20).Apartfromthisitrecongnized,atmosttheequalityoftheelect(21),whichhoweverwasonlystressedattheverybeginning.,Thetracesofcommunityofgoodswhicharealsofoundintheearlystagesofthenewreligioncanbeascribedtosolidarityamongtheproscribedratherthantorealequalitarianideas.,WithinaveryshorttimetheestablishmentofthedistinctionbetweenpriestsandlaymenputanendeventothisincipientChristianequality.theoverrunningofWesternEuropebytheGermansabolishedforcenturiesallideasofequality,throughthegradualbuildingupofsuchacomplicatedsocialandpoliticalhierarchyashadneverexistedbefore.,ButatthesametimetheinvasiondrewWesternandCentralEuropeintothecourseofhistoricaldevelopment,createdforthefirsttimeacompactculturalarea,andwithinthisareaalsoforthefirsttimeasystemofpredominantlynationalstatesexertingmutualinfluenceoneachotherandmutuallyholdiongeachotherincheck(22).,Therebyitpreparedthegroundonwhichalonethequestionoftheequalstatusofmen,oftherightsofman,couldatalaterperiodberaised.,ParaFour,ThefeudalMiddleagesalsodevelopedintheirwombtheclasswhichwasdestined,inthecourseofitsfurtherdevelopment,tobecomethestandard-bearer(23)ofthemoderndemandforequality:thebourgeoisie.,Originallyitselfafeudalestate,thebourgeoisiedevelopedthepredominantlyhandicraftindustryandtheexchangeofproductswithinfeudalsocietytoarelativelyhighlevel,whenattheendofthefifteenthcenturythegreatmaritimediscoveriesopenedtoitanewcareerofwiderscope.,TradebeyondtheconfinesofEurope,whichhadpreviouslybeencarriedononlybetweenItalyandLevant(24),wasnowextendedtoAmericaandIndia,andsoonsurpassedinimportanceboththemutualexchangebetweenthevariousEuropeancountriesandtheinternaltradewithineachindividualcountry.,AmericangoldandsilverfloodedEuropeandforceditswaylikeadisintegratingelementinto(25)everyfissure,rentandporeoffeudalsociety.Handicraftindustrycouldnolongersatisfytherisingdemand,intheleadingindustriesofthemostadvancedcountriesitwasreplacedbymanufacture.,ParaFive,Butthismightyrevolutionintheconditionsoftheeconomiclifeofsocietywas,howerver,notfollowedbyanyimmediatecorrespondingchangeinitspoliticalstructure.Thepoliticalorderremainedfeudal,whilesocietybecamemoreandmorebourgeois.,Tradeonalargescale,thatistosay,particularlyinternationaland,evenmoreso,worldtrade,requiresfreeownersofcommoditieswhoareunrestrictedintheirmovementsandassuch(26)enjoyequalrights;whomayexchangetheircommoditiesonthebasisoflawsthatareequalforthemall,atleastineachparticularplace.,Thetransitionfromhandicrafttomanufacturepresupposestheexistenceofanumberoffreeworkersfreeontheonehandfromthelettersoftheguildandontheotherfromthemeanswherebytheycouldthemselvesutilisetheirlabourpowerworkerswhocancontractwiththemanufacturerforthehireoftheirlabourpower,andhence,aspartiestothecontract,haverightsequaltohis.,Andfinallytheequalityandequalstatusofallhumanlabour,becauseandinsofarasitishumanlabour(27),founditsunconsciousbutclearestexpressioninthelawofvalueofmodernbourgeoispoliticaleconomy,accordingtowhichthevalueofacommodityismeasuredbythesociallynecessarylabourembodiedinit.,However,whereeconomicrelationsrequiredfreedomandequalityofrights,thepoliticalsystemopposedthemateverystepwithguildrestrictionsandspecialprivileges.,Localprivileges,differentialduties(28),exceptionallawsofallkindsaffectedintradenotonlyforeignersandpeoplelivinginthecolonies,butoftenenoughalsowholecategoriesofthenationalsofthecountryconcerned;everywhereandeveranew(29)theprivilegesoftheguildsbarredthedevelopmentofmanufacture.,Nowherewastheroadclearandthechancesequalforthebourgeoiscompetitorsandyetthatthisbesowastheprimeandevermorepressingdemand(30).,ParaSix,Thedemandforliberationfromfeudalfettersandtheestablishmentofequalityofrightsbytheabolitionoffeudalinequalitieswasboundsoontoassumewiderdimensions,oncetheeconomicadvanceofsocietyhadplaceditontheorderoftheday(31).,Ifitwasraisedintheinterestsofindustryandtrade,itwasalsonecessarytodemandthesameequalityofrightsforthegreatmassofthepeasantrywho,ineverydegreeofbondage,fromtotalserfdomonwards(32),werecompelledtogivethegreaterpartoftheirlabourtimetotheirgraciousfeudallordwithoutcompensationandinadditiontorenderinnumerableotherduestohimandtothestage.,ParaSeven,Ontheotherhand,itwasinevitablethatademandshouldalsobemadefortheabolitionofthefeudalprivileges,ofthefreedomfromtaxationofthenobility,ofthepoliticalprivilegesoftheseparateestates.,AndaspeoplewerenolongerlivinginaworldempiresuchastheRomanEmpirehadbeen,butinasystemofindependentstatesdealingwitheachotheronanequalfoolingandatapproximatelythesamelevelofbourgioisdevelopment,itwasamatterofcoursethatthedemandforequalityshouldassumeageneralcharacterreadingoutbeyondtheindividualstate,thatfreedomandequalityshouldbeproclaimedhumanrights.,AnditissignificantofthespecificallybourgeoischaracterofthesehumanrightsthattheAmericanconstitution,thefirsttorecognizetherightsofman,inthesamebreathconfirmstheslaveryofthecolouredracesexistinginAmerica:classprivilegesareproscribed,raceprivilegessanctified(33).,ParaEight,Asiswellknown,however,fromthemomentwhenthebourgeoisieemergedfromfeudalburgherdom,whenthisestateoftheMiddleAgesdevelopedintoamodernclass,itwasalwaysandinevitablyaccompaniedbyitsshadow,theproletariat.Andinthesamewaybourgeoisdemandsforequalitywereaccompaniedbyproletariandemandsforequality(34).,Fromthemomentwhenthebourgeoisdemandfortheabolitionofclassprivilegeswasputforward,alongsideitappearedtheproletariandemandfortheabolitionoftheclassesthemselvesatfirstinreligiousform,leaningtowardsprimitiveChristianity,andlaterdrawingsupportfromthebourgeoisequalitariantheoriesthemselves.,Theproletarianstookthebourgeoisieatitsword(35):equalitymustnotbemerelyapparent,mustnotapplymerelytothesphereofthestate,butmustalsobereal,mustalsobeextendedtothesocial,economicsphere.AndespeiallysincetheFrenchbourgeoisie,fromthegreatrevolutionon,broughtcivilequalitytotheforefront,theFrenchproletariathasansweredblowforblow(36)withthedemandforsocial,economicequality,andequalityhasbecomethebattle-cryparticularlyoftheFrenchproletariat(37).,ParaNine,Thedemandforequalityinthemouthoftheproletariathasthereforeadoublemeaning.Itiseitheraswasthecaseespeciallyattheverystart,forexampleinthePeasantWarthespontaneousreactionagainstthecryingsocialinequalities,againstthecontrastbetweenrichandpoor,thefeudallordsandtheirserfs,thesurfeitersandthestarving;assuchitissimplyanexpressionoftherevolutionaryinstinct,andfindsitsjustificationinthat,andinthatonly.,Or,ontheotherhand,thisdemandhasarisenasareactionagainstthebourgioisdemandforequlity,drawingmoreorlesscorrectandmorefar-reachingdemandsfromthisbourgeoisdemand,andservingasanagitationalmeansinordertostiruptheworkeragainstthecapitalistswiththeaidofthecapitalistssownassertions;andinthiscaseitstandsorfallswithbourgeoisequalityitself(38).,Inbothcasestherealcontentoftheproletariandemandforequalityisthedemandfortheabolitionofclasses.Anydemandforequalitywhichgoesbeyondthat,ofnecessitypassesintoabsurdity.Wehavegivenexamplesofthis,andshallfindenoughadditionaloneswhenwecometoHerrDuhringsfantasiesofthefuture.,ParaTen,Theideaofequality,bothinitsbourgeoisandinitsproletarianform,isthereforeitselfahistoricalproduct,thecreationofwhichrequireddefinitehistoricalconditionsthatinturnthemselvespresupposealongprevioushistory.Itisthereforeanythingbutaneternaltruth.,Andiftodayitistakenforgratedbythegeneralpublic(39)inonesenseoranotherif,asMarxsays,it“alreadypossessesthefixityofapopularprejudice”(40),thisisnottheeffectofitsaxiomatictruth,buttheeffectofthegeneraldiffusionandthecontinuedappropriatenessoftheideasoftheeighteenthcentury.,IfthereforeHerrDuhringisablewithoutmoreadotolethisfamoustwomemconducttheireconomicrelationsonthebasisofequlity,thisissobecauseitseemsquitenaturaltopopularprejudice.AndinfactHerrDuhringcallshisphilosophynaturalbecauseitisderivedsolelyfromthingswhichseemtohimquitenatural.Butwhytheyseemnaturaltohimisaquestionwhichofcoursehedoesnotask.,Exercises,1.Answerthefollowingquestions:(1)Whatdomenderivetheirethicalideasfrom?(2)AccordingtoEngels,whatarethethreegreatgroupsofmoraltheoriesinthemostadvacedEuropeancountries?Andwhichonecontainsthemaximumelemetpromisingpermanence?(3)Whyisthemoralinjunction“Thoushaltnotsteal”notaneteurnaltruth?(4)Whatisthepretextoftheattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogma(教条)asaneternal,ultimateethicallaw?,1.Answerthefollowingquestions:,(5)Whendoesareallyhumanmoralitywhichstandsaboveclassantagonismsandaboveanyrecollectionofthembecomepossible?(6)Inwhatsenseareworkersinthecapitalistsystemcalled“freeworkers”?,1.Answerthefollowingquestions:,(7)HowistheamericanconstitutionsignificantofthespecificallybourgeoischaracterofhumanrightspreachedbytheWestbourgeoisie?(8)Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweenthebourgeoisdemandforequalityandtheproletariandemandforequality?,2.Decidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.,1.Theproletarianmoralityistrueinthesenseofabsolutefinality.2.TheideaofreallyhumanmoralityisnotinaccordancewithMarxism.3.Rousseauestablishedtescientificcontentoftheideaofequality.4.Inmostancient,primitivecommunities,everypersonhadrights.5.Romanlawdidnotdevelopuntilthedistinctionbetweenfreemanandslavesdisappeared.,2.Decidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.,6.Therightofmanisaveryancientquestion.7.ThoverrunningofWesternEuropebytheGermansabolishedoldideasofequality,butatthesametimecreatedthebasefornewideaofequality.8.HerrDuhringcallshisphilosophynaturebecauseofhisshallowandignorance.,3.Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow:,Dispute,enlighten,alongside,transition,embody,original,represent,stress,exchange,background,insanity,distinction,comprehensive,primitive(1)Themembersofthetowncouncilforhoursaboutwhethertobuildanewmuseum(2)MyfatherissoproficientinEnglishthatcanreadShakespeareinthe.(3)wecanneverthecountrysinterestsforourown.,3.Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow:,(4)thebaldeagletheUnitedstages.(5)Thefrequentofweathecaneasilycausepeopletocatchcold.(6)Thereisnoappreciablebetweenthetwins.(7)Hethepointthatweshouldbepunctual.(8)Theneweditionoftheencyclpediamanyimprovements.(9)Listentobothsidesandyouwillbe.,3.Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow:,(10)Theprincipalgaveaveryexplanationoftheplanfortheconstructionofspiritualcivilization.(11)manmadetoolsfromsharpstonesandanimalbones.(12)Themurdererwasjudgednotguiltyforreasonsof.(13)Iamusedtolisteningtomusicwhenreadingorwriting.(14)Webroughtourboatandplayedonthebeach.,5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.,(1)Theconceptionsofgoodandevilhavevariedsomuchfromnationtonationandfromagetoagethattheyhaveoftenbeenindirectcontradictiontoeachother.,5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.,(2)Evenmore,atsimilarorapproximatelysimilarstagesofeconomicdevelopmentmoraltheoriesmustofneccesitybemoreorlessinagreement.Fromthemomentwhenprivateownershipofmovablepropertydeveloped,allsocientiesinwhichthisprivateownershipexistedhadtohavethismoralinjunctionincommon:Thoushaltnotsteal.,5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.,(3)Wethereforerejecteveryattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogmawhatsoeverasaneternl,ultimateandforeverimmutableethicallawonthepretextthat(13)themoralworld,too,hasitspermanentprincipleswhichstandabovehistoryandthedifferencesbetweennations.Wemaintainonthecontrarythatallmoraltheorieshavebeenhithertotheproduct,inthelastanal